From 677ea374024b487e6af8ebeda9e42854559c2ee3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kingchenc <kingchencp@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Jun 2026 01:49:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] examples: migrate to the native data layer (drop
 ws/coder-websocket/jackson/jsonlite) (#316)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Stacked on #315 (the native Binance REST fetcher). Retarget to `main` once #315 merges.

Migrates the runnable examples off third-party data-I/O packages onto Wickra's
native data layer (`CandleReader`, `Resampler`, `BinanceFeed`, `fetch_*klines`).

## Third-party packages removed (the zero-dep selling point)
- **Node**: `ws` (live feed → BinanceFeed) — dropped from package.json + lockfile
- **Go**: `github.com/coder/websocket` — dropped from go.mod / go.sum (`go mod tidy`)
- **Java**: `jackson-databind` (live feed + REST fetch) — dropped from pom.xml
- **R**: `jsonlite` + `websocket` + `later` — dropped from the README notes

Each language's CSV loading now goes through `CandleReader`, manual resampling
through `Resampler`, the live feed through `BinanceFeed`, and (Java/R) the REST
download through the native fetcher.

## Verification
Ran the offline examples per language against the bundled data — backtest and
multi_timeframe produce identical output across Python / Node / Go / Java / R
(e.g. ATR(14) last 345.1010; 1h→5m resamples to 240 bars, →15m to 80 bars).

C# / C / WASM (stdlib-only, no third-party deps to remove) follow in this branch.

Note: the streaming `strategy_*` examples have pre-existing candle-indicator
runtime bugs (CI only syntax-smokes them); the CSV migration preserves their
shape and leaves those bugs for a separate fix.
---
 examples/c/multi_timeframe.c                  |  49 +++----
 examples/c/wickra_csv.h                       |  99 ++++++++------
 examples/csharp/_common/MarketData.cs         |  35 ++---
 examples/csharp/fetch_btcusdt/Program.cs      |  28 ++--
 examples/csharp/live_binance/Program.cs       |  44 ++----
 examples/csharp/multi_timeframe/Program.cs    |  22 +--
 examples/go/go.mod                            |   2 -
 examples/go/go.sum                            |   2 -
 examples/go/internal/market/market.go         |  47 +++----
 examples/go/live_binance/main.go              |  44 +++---
 examples/go/multi_timeframe/main.go           |  32 ++---
 examples/java/pom.xml                         |   6 -
 .../org/wickra/examples/FetchBtcusdt.java     |  32 ++---
 .../java/org/wickra/examples/LiveBinance.java |  77 +++--------
 .../java/org/wickra/examples/MarketData.java  |  48 ++-----
 .../org/wickra/examples/MultiTimeframe.java   |  28 ++--
 examples/node/backtest.js                     |  47 ++-----
 examples/node/live_binance.js                 | 102 ++++++--------
 examples/node/multi_timeframe.js              |  90 ++++--------
 examples/node/package-lock.json               |  27 +---
 examples/node/package.json                    |   3 -
 examples/node/strategy_bollinger_squeeze.js   |  42 +-----
 examples/node/strategy_macd_adx.js            |  42 +-----
 examples/node/strategy_rsi_mean_reversion.js  |  42 +-----
 examples/python/backtest.py                   |  65 +++------
 examples/python/live_binance.py               | 124 ++++++-----------
 examples/python/multi_timeframe.py            | 128 +++++-------------
 examples/python/strategy_bollinger_squeeze.py |  21 ++-
 examples/python/strategy_macd_adx.py          |  21 ++-
 .../python/strategy_rsi_mean_reversion.py     |  21 ++-
 examples/r/README.md                          |  12 +-
 examples/r/_common.R                          |  13 +-
 examples/r/fetch_btcusdt.R                    |  18 ++-
 examples/r/live_binance.R                     |  31 +++--
 examples/r/multi_timeframe.R                  |  22 ++-
 examples/wasm/backtest.html                   |  36 ++---
 examples/wasm/multi_timeframe.html            |  71 ++++------
 examples/wasm/strategy_bollinger_squeeze.html |  35 ++---
 examples/wasm/strategy_macd_adx.html          |  35 ++---
 .../wasm/strategy_rsi_mean_reversion.html     |  35 ++---
 40 files changed, 576 insertions(+), 1102 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/c/multi_timeframe.c b/examples/c/multi_timeframe.c
index 4dc788a6..f1daf8c5 100644
--- a/examples/c/multi_timeframe.c
+++ b/examples/c/multi_timeframe.c
@@ -32,34 +32,37 @@
  * buckets were produced. */
 static size_t resample(const WickraBar *in, size_t count, int64_t tf_ms,
                        WickraBar *out) {
+    /* Native Resampler — no hand-written bucketing. update() emits a closed
+     * candle on a bucket boundary; flush() yields the final partial bucket. */
+    struct Resampler *r = wickra_resampler_new(tf_ms);
+    if (r == NULL) {
+        return 0;
+    }
     size_t produced = 0;
-    int open_bucket = 0;
-    int64_t bucket_start = 0;
-    WickraBar cur = {0};
+    struct WickraCandle c;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-        int64_t b = in[i].timestamp - (in[i].timestamp % tf_ms);
-        if (!open_bucket || b != bucket_start) {
-            if (open_bucket) {
-                out[produced++] = cur;
-            }
-            bucket_start = b;
-            cur = in[i];
-            cur.timestamp = b;
-            open_bucket = 1;
-        } else {
-            if (in[i].high > cur.high) {
-                cur.high = in[i].high;
-            }
-            if (in[i].low < cur.low) {
-                cur.low = in[i].low;
-            }
-            cur.close = in[i].close;
-            cur.volume += in[i].volume;
+        if (wickra_resampler_update(r, in[i].open, in[i].high, in[i].low,
+                                    in[i].close, in[i].volume, in[i].timestamp,
+                                    &c)) {
+            out[produced].timestamp = c.timestamp;
+            out[produced].open = c.open;
+            out[produced].high = c.high;
+            out[produced].low = c.low;
+            out[produced].close = c.close;
+            out[produced].volume = c.volume;
+            produced++;
         }
     }
-    if (open_bucket) {
-        out[produced++] = cur;
+    if (wickra_resampler_flush(r, &c)) {
+        out[produced].timestamp = c.timestamp;
+        out[produced].open = c.open;
+        out[produced].high = c.high;
+        out[produced].low = c.low;
+        out[produced].close = c.close;
+        out[produced].volume = c.volume;
+        produced++;
     }
+    wickra_resampler_free(r);
     return produced;
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/c/wickra_csv.h b/examples/c/wickra_csv.h
index 5e8b5b7c..51c5c3c2 100644
--- a/examples/c/wickra_csv.h
+++ b/examples/c/wickra_csv.h
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 /* Shared OHLCV CSV loader for the Wickra C examples.
  *
- * The C ABI exposes only the indicators, not the wickra-data IO layer, so the
- * examples read CSV themselves. This header-only helper is the C counterpart of
- * `wickra_data::csv::CandleReader` used by the Rust examples: it parses the
- * standard `timestamp,open,high,low,close,volume` files shipped under
- * `examples/data/`.
+ * Thin wrapper over the native C-ABI `wickra_candle_reader_*` (the same
+ * `wickra-data::csv::CandleReader` the Rust examples use): it reads the whole
+ * file into memory and parses the standard `timestamp,open,high,low,close,volume`
+ * files shipped under `examples/data/` through the library — no hand-written CSV
+ * parsing.
  *
  * Header-only: define WICKRA_CSV_IMPL in exactly one translation unit (each
  * example is a single .c file, so it just defines it before including this).
+ * `wickra.h` must be included before this header.
  */
 #ifndef WICKRA_CSV_H
 #define WICKRA_CSV_H
@@ -26,8 +27,7 @@ typedef struct WickraBar {
 
 /* Load an OHLCV CSV into a malloc'd array. Returns the candle count and stores
  * the array in *out (caller frees with free()). Returns 0 and leaves *out NULL
- * on any error (missing file, no parseable rows). A leading header line whose
- * first field is non-numeric is skipped. */
+ * on any error (missing file, malformed header or row). */
 size_t wickra_load_csv(const char *path, WickraBar **out);
 
 #ifdef WICKRA_CSV_IMPL
@@ -35,55 +35,66 @@ size_t wickra_load_csv(const char *path, WickraBar **out);
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
+#include "wickra.h"
+
 size_t wickra_load_csv(const char *path, WickraBar **out) {
     *out = NULL;
-    FILE *f = fopen(path, "r");
+    FILE *f = fopen(path, "rb");
     if (f == NULL) {
         fprintf(stderr, "wickra_load_csv: cannot open %s\n", path);
         return 0;
     }
-
-    size_t cap = 1024;
-    size_t n = 0;
-    WickraBar *rows = (WickraBar *)malloc(cap * sizeof(*rows));
-    if (rows == NULL) {
+    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
+    long size = ftell(f);
+    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);
+    if (size <= 0) {
         fclose(f);
         return 0;
     }
-
-    char line[512];
-    while (fgets(line, (int)sizeof(line), f) != NULL) {
-        WickraBar c;
-        long long ts = 0;
-        /* sscanf returns the number of fields successfully matched. A header
-         * row ("timestamp,...") matches 0 and is skipped. */
-        int matched = sscanf(line, "%lld,%lf,%lf,%lf,%lf,%lf", &ts, &c.open,
-                             &c.high, &c.low, &c.close, &c.volume);
-        if (matched != 6) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        c.timestamp = (int64_t)ts;
-
-        if (n == cap) {
-            cap *= 2;
-            WickraBar *grown = (WickraBar *)realloc(rows, cap * sizeof(*rows));
-            if (grown == NULL) {
-                free(rows);
-                fclose(f);
-                return 0;
-            }
-            rows = grown;
-        }
-        rows[n++] = c;
-    }
-    fclose(f);
-
-    if (n == 0) {
-        free(rows);
+    char *buf = (char *)malloc((size_t)size);
+    if (buf == NULL) {
+        fclose(f);
         return 0;
     }
+    size_t read_bytes = fread(buf, 1, (size_t)size, f);
+    fclose(f);
+
+    /* Parse the whole buffer with the native reader. */
+    struct CandleReader *reader =
+        wickra_candle_reader_new((const uint8_t *)buf, (uintptr_t)read_bytes);
+    free(buf);
+    if (reader == NULL) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    size_t n = (size_t)wickra_candle_reader_count(reader);
+    if (n == 0) {
+        wickra_candle_reader_free(reader);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    struct WickraCandle *candles = (struct WickraCandle *)malloc(n * sizeof(*candles));
+    if (candles == NULL) {
+        wickra_candle_reader_free(reader);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    size_t got = (size_t)wickra_candle_reader_read(reader, candles, (uintptr_t)n);
+    wickra_candle_reader_free(reader);
+
+    WickraBar *rows = (WickraBar *)malloc(got * sizeof(*rows));
+    if (rows == NULL) {
+        free(candles);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < got; ++i) {
+        rows[i].timestamp = candles[i].timestamp;
+        rows[i].open = candles[i].open;
+        rows[i].high = candles[i].high;
+        rows[i].low = candles[i].low;
+        rows[i].close = candles[i].close;
+        rows[i].volume = candles[i].volume;
+    }
+    free(candles);
     *out = rows;
-    return n;
+    return got;
 }
 
 #endif /* WICKRA_CSV_IMPL */
diff --git a/examples/csharp/_common/MarketData.cs b/examples/csharp/_common/MarketData.cs
index c3170c69..25517442 100644
--- a/examples/csharp/_common/MarketData.cs
+++ b/examples/csharp/_common/MarketData.cs
@@ -45,34 +45,17 @@ public static class MarketData
     /// </summary>
     public static Bar[] LoadOhlcvCsv(string path)
     {
-        var bars = new List<Bar>();
-        foreach (var rawLine in File.ReadLines(path))
+        // Native CandleReader: header validation, BOM and field-whitespace tolerance.
+        // No manual CSV parsing.
+        using var reader = new Wickra.CandleReader(File.ReadAllText(path));
+        var candles = reader.Read();
+        var bars = new Bar[candles.Length];
+        for (var i = 0; i < candles.Length; i++)
         {
-            var line = rawLine.Trim();
-            if (line.Length == 0)
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            var cols = line.Split(',');
-            if (!double.TryParse(cols[0], System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out _) &&
-                !long.TryParse(cols[0], out _))
-            {
-                continue; // header row
-            }
-
-            double F(int i) => double.Parse(cols[i], System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-
-            if (cols.Length >= 6)
-            {
-                bars.Add(new Bar(F(1), F(2), F(3), F(4), F(5), long.Parse(cols[0])));
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                bars.Add(new Bar(F(0), F(1), F(2), F(3), F(4), bars.Count));
-            }
+            var c = candles[i];
+            bars[i] = new Bar(c.Open, c.High, c.Low, c.Close, c.Volume, (long)c.Timestamp);
         }
 
-        return bars.ToArray();
+        return bars;
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/csharp/fetch_btcusdt/Program.cs b/examples/csharp/fetch_btcusdt/Program.cs
index 00696c24..08af728c 100644
--- a/examples/csharp/fetch_btcusdt/Program.cs
+++ b/examples/csharp/fetch_btcusdt/Program.cs
@@ -1,33 +1,23 @@
 using System.Globalization;
-using System.Text.Json;
+using Wickra;
 
 // Download real BTCUSDT hourly klines from the Binance REST API into a CSV that the
-// other examples can consume. Requires network access (build-only in CI).
-const string url = "https://api.binance.com/api/v3/klines?symbol=BTCUSDT&interval=1h&limit=500";
+// other examples can consume, using Wickra's native fetcher — no third-party HTTP or
+// JSON library. Requires network access (build-only in CI).
+Console.WriteLine("Fetching 500 BTCUSDT 1h klines from Binance...");
 
-using var http = new HttpClient();
-Console.WriteLine($"Fetching {url}");
-var json = await http.GetStringAsync(url);
+var klines = BinanceFeed.FetchKlines("BTCUSDT", BinanceInterval.OneHour, 500);
 
-using var doc = JsonDocument.Parse(json);
 var dir = Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "data");
 Directory.CreateDirectory(dir);
 var path = Path.Combine(dir, "btcusdt_1h.csv");
 
 using var writer = new StreamWriter(path);
 writer.WriteLine("timestamp,open,high,low,close,volume");
-var count = 0;
-foreach (var kline in doc.RootElement.EnumerateArray())
+foreach (var k in klines)
 {
-    // Binance kline array: [openTime, open, high, low, close, volume, ...]
-    var ts = kline[0].GetInt64();
-    var o = kline[1].GetString();
-    var h = kline[2].GetString();
-    var l = kline[3].GetString();
-    var c = kline[4].GetString();
-    var v = kline[5].GetString();
-    writer.WriteLine(string.Create(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, $"{ts},{o},{h},{l},{c},{v}"));
-    count++;
+    writer.WriteLine(string.Create(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
+        $"{(long)k.Timestamp},{k.Open},{k.High},{k.Low},{k.Close},{k.Volume}"));
 }
 
-Console.WriteLine($"Wrote {count} klines to {path}");
+Console.WriteLine($"Wrote {klines.Length} klines to {path}");
diff --git a/examples/csharp/live_binance/Program.cs b/examples/csharp/live_binance/Program.cs
index 2fafb272..822b3db3 100644
--- a/examples/csharp/live_binance/Program.cs
+++ b/examples/csharp/live_binance/Program.cs
@@ -1,40 +1,24 @@
-using System.Globalization;
-using System.Net.WebSockets;
-using System.Text;
-using System.Text.Json;
 using Wickra;
 
-// Stream live BTCUSDT 1-minute klines from Binance and feed each close through EMA(20).
+// Stream live BTCUSDT 1-minute klines from Binance and feed each close through EMA(20),
+// using Wickra's native BinanceFeed — no third-party WebSocket or JSON library.
 // Requires network access (build-only in CI). Runs for up to 60 seconds.
-var uri = new Uri("wss://stream.binance.com:9443/ws/btcusdt@kline_1m");
-Console.WriteLine($"Connecting to {uri} (up to 60s)...");
+Console.WriteLine("Streaming live BTCUSDT 1-minute klines from Binance (up to 60s)...");
 
-using var ws = new ClientWebSocket();
-using var cts = new CancellationTokenSource(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(60));
+// Native feed: a blocking poll over the same tested stream as the Rust core.
+// Next(timeout) returns the event, or null on timeout (poll again).
+using var feed = new BinanceFeed("BTCUSDT", BinanceInterval.OneMinute);
 using var ema = new Ema(20);
-var buffer = new byte[8192];
 
-try
+var deadline = DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(60);
+while (DateTime.UtcNow < deadline)
 {
-    await ws.ConnectAsync(uri, cts.Token);
-    while (ws.State == WebSocketState.Open && !cts.IsCancellationRequested)
+    var ev = feed.Next(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
+    if (ev is null)
     {
-        var result = await ws.ReceiveAsync(buffer, cts.Token);
-        if (result.MessageType == WebSocketMessageType.Close)
-        {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        using var doc = JsonDocument.Parse(Encoding.UTF8.GetString(buffer, 0, result.Count));
-        if (doc.RootElement.TryGetProperty("k", out var k))
-        {
-            var close = double.Parse(k.GetProperty("c").GetString()!, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-            var value = ema.Update(close);
-            Console.WriteLine($"close={close:F2}  EMA(20)={value:F2}");
-        }
+        continue;
     }
+    Console.WriteLine($"close={ev.Value.Close:F2}  EMA(20)={ema.Update(ev.Value.Close):F2}");
 }
-catch (OperationCanceledException)
-{
-    Console.WriteLine("Done (time limit reached).");
-}
+
+Console.WriteLine("Done (time limit reached).");
diff --git a/examples/csharp/multi_timeframe/Program.cs b/examples/csharp/multi_timeframe/Program.cs
index e92f6d37..c1ce4fe2 100644
--- a/examples/csharp/multi_timeframe/Program.cs
+++ b/examples/csharp/multi_timeframe/Program.cs
@@ -25,20 +25,26 @@ static Bar[] Resample(Bar[] source, int factor)
         return source;
     }
 
+    // Native Resampler: bucket by an absolute timeframe (the synthetic bars step
+    // 60_000 ms, so factor minutes == factor*60_000 ms). No hand-written bucketing.
+    using var r = new Resampler((long)factor * 60_000);
     var output = new List<Bar>();
-    for (var i = 0; i < source.Length; i += factor)
+    foreach (var b in source)
     {
-        var end = Math.Min(i + factor, source.Length);
-        double high = double.MinValue, low = double.MaxValue, volume = 0;
-        for (var j = i; j < end; j++)
+        var c = r.Update(b.Open, b.High, b.Low, b.Close, b.Volume, b.Timestamp);
+        if (c is not null)
         {
-            high = Math.Max(high, source[j].High);
-            low = Math.Min(low, source[j].Low);
-            volume += source[j].Volume;
+            output.Add(ToBar(c.Value));
         }
+    }
 
-        output.Add(new Bar(source[i].Open, high, low, source[end - 1].Close, volume, source[i].Timestamp));
+    var last = r.Flush();
+    if (last is not null)
+    {
+        output.Add(ToBar(last.Value));
     }
 
     return output.ToArray();
 }
+
+static Bar ToBar(Candle c) => new(c.Open, c.High, c.Low, c.Close, c.Volume, (long)c.Timestamp);
diff --git a/examples/go/go.mod b/examples/go/go.mod
index 85d41ca1..0e4d5dc9 100644
--- a/examples/go/go.mod
+++ b/examples/go/go.mod
@@ -4,6 +4,4 @@ go 1.23
 
 require github.com/wickra-lib/wickra/bindings/go v0.0.0
 
-require github.com/coder/websocket v1.8.14
-
 replace github.com/wickra-lib/wickra/bindings/go => ../../bindings/go
diff --git a/examples/go/go.sum b/examples/go/go.sum
index c80e2f07..e69de29b 100644
--- a/examples/go/go.sum
+++ b/examples/go/go.sum
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-github.com/coder/websocket v1.8.14 h1:9L0p0iKiNOibykf283eHkKUHHrpG7f65OE3BhhO7v9g=
-github.com/coder/websocket v1.8.14/go.mod h1:NX3SzP+inril6yawo5CQXx8+fk145lPDC6pumgx0mVg=
diff --git a/examples/go/internal/market/market.go b/examples/go/internal/market/market.go
index 3bb66a5a..7f39c225 100644
--- a/examples/go/internal/market/market.go
+++ b/examples/go/internal/market/market.go
@@ -5,12 +5,11 @@
 package market
 
 import (
-	"bufio"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"os"
-	"strconv"
-	"strings"
+
+	wickra "github.com/wickra-lib/wickra/bindings/go"
 )
 
 // Bar is one OHLCV bar with a millisecond timestamp.
@@ -62,39 +61,25 @@ func SyntheticCandlesStep(count int, startTimestamp, stepMs int64) []Bar {
 	return bars
 }
 
-// LoadOhlcvCsv loads an OHLCV CSV. It accepts rows of
-// timestamp,open,high,low,close,volume or open,high,low,close,volume; a
-// non-numeric first row is treated as a header and skipped.
+// LoadOhlcvCsv loads a timestamp,open,high,low,close,volume OHLCV CSV with
+// Wickra's native CandleReader (header validation, BOM and field-whitespace
+// tolerance) — no manual CSV parsing.
 func LoadOhlcvCsv(path string) ([]Bar, error) {
-	file, err := os.Open(path)
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	defer file.Close()
-
-	var bars []Bar
-	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(file)
-	for scanner.Scan() {
-		line := strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text())
-		if line == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		cols := strings.Split(line, ",")
-		if _, err := strconv.ParseFloat(cols[0], 64); err != nil {
-			continue // header row
-		}
-		f := func(i int) float64 {
-			v, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(strings.TrimSpace(cols[i]), 64)
-			return v
-		}
-		if len(cols) >= 6 {
-			ts, _ := strconv.ParseInt(strings.TrimSpace(cols[0]), 10, 64)
-			bars = append(bars, Bar{f(1), f(2), f(3), f(4), f(5), ts})
-		} else {
-			bars = append(bars, Bar{f(0), f(1), f(2), f(3), f(4), int64(len(bars))})
-		}
+	reader, err := wickra.NewCandleReader(string(data))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	return bars, scanner.Err()
+	defer reader.Close()
+	candles := reader.Read()
+	bars := make([]Bar, len(candles))
+	for i, c := range candles {
+		bars[i] = Bar{c.Open, c.High, c.Low, c.Close, c.Volume, c.Timestamp}
+	}
+	return bars, nil
 }
 
 // EquityResult holds summary statistics for a long-only equity curve.
diff --git a/examples/go/live_binance/main.go b/examples/go/live_binance/main.go
index 030cd589..75b54828 100644
--- a/examples/go/live_binance/main.go
+++ b/examples/go/live_binance/main.go
@@ -1,54 +1,42 @@
 // Stream live BTCUSDT 1-minute klines from Binance and feed each close through EMA(20).
-// Requires network access (build-only in CI). Runs for up to 60 seconds.
+// Uses Wickra's native BinanceFeed — no third-party WebSocket client. Requires
+// network access (build-only in CI). Runs for up to 60 seconds.
 package main
 
 import (
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
-	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/coder/websocket"
 	wickra "github.com/wickra-lib/wickra/bindings/go"
 )
 
 func main() {
-	const url = "wss://stream.binance.com:9443/ws/btcusdt@kline_1m"
-	fmt.Printf("Connecting to %s (up to 60s)...\n", url)
+	fmt.Println("Streaming live BTCUSDT 1-minute klines from Binance (up to 60s)...")
 
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 60*time.Second)
-	defer cancel()
-
-	conn, _, err := websocket.Dial(ctx, url, nil)
+	// Native feed: a blocking poll over the same tested stream as the Rust core.
+	feed, err := wickra.NewBinanceFeed("BTCUSDT", wickra.OneMinute, "")
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("dial: %v", err)
+		log.Fatalf("connect: %v", err)
 	}
-	defer conn.CloseNow()
+	defer feed.Close()
 
 	ema, _ := wickra.NewEma(20)
 	defer ema.Close()
 
-	for {
-		_, data, err := conn.Read(ctx)
+	deadline := time.Now().Add(60 * time.Second)
+	for time.Now().Before(deadline) {
+		// next() returns the event and ok=true, ok=false on timeout (poll again),
+		// or an error once the stream is closed.
+		event, ok, err := feed.Next(time.Second)
 		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Println("Done (time limit reached).")
+			fmt.Println("Done (feed closed).")
 			return
 		}
-
-		var msg struct {
-			K struct {
-				Close string `json:"c"`
-			} `json:"k"`
-		}
-		if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &msg); err != nil || msg.K.Close == "" {
+		if !ok {
 			continue
 		}
-		closePx, err := strconv.ParseFloat(msg.K.Close, 64)
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		fmt.Printf("close=%.2f  EMA(20)=%.2f\n", closePx, ema.Update(closePx))
+		fmt.Printf("close=%.2f  EMA(20)=%.2f\n", event.Close, ema.Update(event.Close))
 	}
+	fmt.Println("Done (time limit reached).")
 }
diff --git a/examples/go/multi_timeframe/main.go b/examples/go/multi_timeframe/main.go
index e2413075..22d05e06 100644
--- a/examples/go/multi_timeframe/main.go
+++ b/examples/go/multi_timeframe/main.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"math"
 
 	wickra "github.com/wickra-lib/wickra/bindings/go"
 	"github.com/wickra-lib/wickra/examples/go/internal/market"
@@ -29,26 +28,21 @@ func resample(source []market.Bar, factor int) []market.Bar {
 	if factor <= 1 {
 		return source
 	}
+	// Native Resampler: bucket by an absolute timeframe (the synthetic bars step
+	// 60_000 ms, so factor minutes == factor*60_000 ms). No hand-written bucketing.
+	r, _ := wickra.NewResampler(int64(factor) * 60_000)
+	defer r.Close()
 	var out []market.Bar
-	for i := 0; i < len(source); i += factor {
-		end := i + factor
-		if end > len(source) {
-			end = len(source)
+	emit := func(c wickra.Candle) {
+		out = append(out, market.Bar{Open: c.Open, High: c.High, Low: c.Low, Close: c.Close, Volume: c.Volume, Timestamp: c.Timestamp})
+	}
+	for _, b := range source {
+		if c, ok := r.Update(b.Open, b.High, b.Low, b.Close, b.Volume, b.Timestamp); ok {
+			emit(c)
 		}
-		high, low, volume := math.Inf(-1), math.Inf(1), 0.0
-		for j := i; j < end; j++ {
-			high = math.Max(high, source[j].High)
-			low = math.Min(low, source[j].Low)
-			volume += source[j].Volume
-		}
-		out = append(out, market.Bar{
-			Open:      source[i].Open,
-			High:      high,
-			Low:       low,
-			Close:     source[end-1].Close,
-			Volume:    volume,
-			Timestamp: source[i].Timestamp,
-		})
+	}
+	if c, ok := r.Flush(); ok {
+		emit(c)
 	}
 	return out
 }
diff --git a/examples/java/pom.xml b/examples/java/pom.xml
index 8da5f780..7a1b9d6f 100644
--- a/examples/java/pom.xml
+++ b/examples/java/pom.xml
@@ -23,12 +23,6 @@
       <artifactId>wickra</artifactId>
       <version>0.9.2</version>
     </dependency>
-    <!-- Only the network examples (fetch_btcusdt) parse JSON. -->
-    <dependency>
-      <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
-      <artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId>
-      <version>2.22.0</version>
-    </dependency>
   </dependencies>
 
   <build>
diff --git a/examples/java/src/main/java/org/wickra/examples/FetchBtcusdt.java b/examples/java/src/main/java/org/wickra/examples/FetchBtcusdt.java
index e8c65af6..dbbd9c72 100644
--- a/examples/java/src/main/java/org/wickra/examples/FetchBtcusdt.java
+++ b/examples/java/src/main/java/org/wickra/examples/FetchBtcusdt.java
@@ -1,48 +1,38 @@
 package org.wickra.examples;
 
-import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
-import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import org.wickra.BinanceFeed;
+import org.wickra.BinanceInterval;
+import org.wickra.Candle;
 
 import java.io.BufferedWriter;
-import java.net.URI;
-import java.net.http.HttpClient;
-import java.net.http.HttpRequest;
-import java.net.http.HttpResponse;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 
 /**
  * Download real BTCUSDT hourly klines from the Binance REST API into a CSV that the
- * other examples can consume. Requires network access (build-only in CI).
+ * other examples can consume, using Wickra's native fetcher — no third-party HTTP or
+ * JSON library. Requires network access (build-only in CI).
  */
 public final class FetchBtcusdt {
     public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
-        String url = "https://api.binance.com/api/v3/klines?symbol=BTCUSDT&interval=1h&limit=500";
-        System.out.println("Fetching " + url);
+        System.out.println("Fetching 500 BTCUSDT 1h klines from Binance...");
 
-        HttpClient http = HttpClient.newHttpClient();
-        HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder(URI.create(url)).GET().build();
-        HttpResponse<String> response = http.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString());
+        Candle[] klines = BinanceFeed.fetchKlines("BTCUSDT", BinanceInterval.ONE_HOUR, 500, -1L, -1L, null);
 
-        JsonNode klines = new ObjectMapper().readTree(response.body());
         Path dir = Path.of("data");
         Files.createDirectories(dir);
         Path path = dir.resolve("btcusdt_1h.csv");
 
-        int count = 0;
         try (BufferedWriter writer = Files.newBufferedWriter(path)) {
             writer.write("timestamp,open,high,low,close,volume");
             writer.newLine();
-            for (JsonNode kline : klines) {
-                // Binance kline array: [openTime, open, high, low, close, volume, ...]
-                writer.write(kline.get(0).asLong() + "," + kline.get(1).asText() + ","
-                        + kline.get(2).asText() + "," + kline.get(3).asText() + ","
-                        + kline.get(4).asText() + "," + kline.get(5).asText());
+            for (Candle k : klines) {
+                writer.write((long) k.timestamp() + "," + k.open() + "," + k.high() + ","
+                        + k.low() + "," + k.close() + "," + k.volume());
                 writer.newLine();
-                count++;
             }
         }
 
-        System.out.printf("Wrote %d klines to %s%n", count, path.toAbsolutePath());
+        System.out.printf("Wrote %d klines to %s%n", klines.length, path.toAbsolutePath());
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/java/src/main/java/org/wickra/examples/LiveBinance.java b/examples/java/src/main/java/org/wickra/examples/LiveBinance.java
index 0df46a79..3d3a9a6f 100644
--- a/examples/java/src/main/java/org/wickra/examples/LiveBinance.java
+++ b/examples/java/src/main/java/org/wickra/examples/LiveBinance.java
@@ -1,73 +1,32 @@
 package org.wickra.examples;
 
-import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
-import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import org.wickra.BinanceFeed;
+import org.wickra.BinanceInterval;
 import org.wickra.Ema;
-
-import java.net.URI;
-import java.net.http.HttpClient;
-import java.net.http.WebSocket;
-import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import org.wickra.KlineEvent;
 
 /**
- * Stream live BTCUSDT 1-minute klines from Binance and feed each close through EMA(20).
+ * Stream live BTCUSDT 1-minute klines from Binance and feed each close through EMA(20),
+ * using Wickra's native BinanceFeed — no third-party WebSocket or JSON library.
  * Requires network access (build-only in CI). Runs for up to 60 seconds.
  */
 public final class LiveBinance {
-    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
-        URI uri = URI.create("wss://stream.binance.com:9443/ws/btcusdt@kline_1m");
-        System.out.println("Connecting to " + uri + " (up to 60s)...");
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        System.out.println("Streaming live BTCUSDT 1-minute klines from Binance (up to 60s)...");
 
-        ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
-        CountDownLatch done = new CountDownLatch(1);
-
-        try (Ema ema = new Ema(20)) {
-            WebSocket.Listener listener = new WebSocket.Listener() {
-                private final StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
-
-                @Override
-                public void onOpen(WebSocket webSocket) {
-                    webSocket.request(1);
+        // Native feed: a blocking poll over the same tested stream as the Rust core.
+        // next(timeoutMillis) returns the event, or null on timeout (poll again).
+        try (BinanceFeed feed = new BinanceFeed("BTCUSDT", BinanceInterval.ONE_MINUTE);
+                Ema ema = new Ema(20)) {
+            long deadline = System.currentTimeMillis() + 60_000L;
+            while (System.currentTimeMillis() < deadline) {
+                KlineEvent event = feed.next(1000);
+                if (event == null) {
+                    continue;
                 }
-
-                @Override
-                public java.util.concurrent.CompletionStage<?> onText(WebSocket webSocket, CharSequence data, boolean last) {
-                    buffer.append(data);
-                    if (last) {
-                        try {
-                            JsonNode root = mapper.readTree(buffer.toString());
-                            JsonNode k = root.get("k");
-                            if (k != null) {
-                                double close = Double.parseDouble(k.get("c").asText());
-                                double value = ema.update(close);
-                                System.out.printf("close=%.2f  EMA(20)=%.2f%n", close, value);
-                            }
-                        } catch (Exception e) {
-                            System.err.println("parse error: " + e.getMessage());
-                        }
-                        buffer.setLength(0);
-                    }
-                    webSocket.request(1);
-                    return null;
-                }
-
-                @Override
-                public void onError(WebSocket webSocket, Throwable error) {
-                    System.err.println("websocket error: " + error.getMessage());
-                    done.countDown();
-                }
-            };
-
-            WebSocket ws = HttpClient.newHttpClient()
-                    .newWebSocketBuilder()
-                    .buildAsync(uri, listener)
-                    .join();
-
-            if (!done.await(60, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
-                System.out.println("Done (time limit reached).");
+                System.out.printf("close=%.2f  EMA(20)=%.2f%n", event.close(), ema.update(event.close()));
             }
-            ws.sendClose(WebSocket.NORMAL_CLOSURE, "done");
         }
+        System.out.println("Done (time limit reached).");
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/java/src/main/java/org/wickra/examples/MarketData.java b/examples/java/src/main/java/org/wickra/examples/MarketData.java
index 5a5d514d..1b84e8bf 100644
--- a/examples/java/src/main/java/org/wickra/examples/MarketData.java
+++ b/examples/java/src/main/java/org/wickra/examples/MarketData.java
@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@ package org.wickra.examples;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.List;
+
+import org.wickra.Candle;
+import org.wickra.CandleReader;
 
 /**
  * Deterministic synthetic market data plus a small OHLCV CSV loader, shared by
@@ -51,41 +52,20 @@ public final class MarketData {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Loads an OHLCV CSV. Accepts rows of {@code timestamp,open,high,low,close,volume}
-     * or {@code open,high,low,close,volume}; a non-numeric first row is treated as a header.
+     * Loads a {@code timestamp,open,high,low,close,volume} OHLCV CSV with Wickra's
+     * native CandleReader (header validation, BOM and field-whitespace tolerance) —
+     * no manual CSV parsing.
      */
     public static Bar[] loadOhlcvCsv(String path) throws IOException {
-        List<Bar> bars = new ArrayList<>();
-        for (String rawLine : Files.readAllLines(Path.of(path))) {
-            String line = rawLine.trim();
-            if (line.isEmpty()) {
-                continue;
+        String csv = Files.readString(Path.of(path));
+        try (CandleReader reader = new CandleReader(csv)) {
+            Candle[] candles = reader.read();
+            Bar[] bars = new Bar[candles.length];
+            for (int i = 0; i < candles.length; i++) {
+                Candle c = candles[i];
+                bars[i] = new Bar(c.open(), c.high(), c.low(), c.close(), c.volume(), (long) c.timestamp());
             }
-            String[] cols = line.split(",");
-            if (!isNumeric(cols[0])) {
-                continue; // header row
-            }
-            if (cols.length >= 6) {
-                bars.add(new Bar(
-                        Double.parseDouble(cols[1]), Double.parseDouble(cols[2]),
-                        Double.parseDouble(cols[3]), Double.parseDouble(cols[4]),
-                        Double.parseDouble(cols[5]), Long.parseLong(cols[0])));
-            } else {
-                bars.add(new Bar(
-                        Double.parseDouble(cols[0]), Double.parseDouble(cols[1]),
-                        Double.parseDouble(cols[2]), Double.parseDouble(cols[3]),
-                        Double.parseDouble(cols[4]), bars.size()));
-            }
-        }
-        return bars.toArray(new Bar[0]);
-    }
-
-    private static boolean isNumeric(String s) {
-        try {
-            Double.parseDouble(s);
-            return true;
-        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
-            return false;
+            return bars;
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/java/src/main/java/org/wickra/examples/MultiTimeframe.java b/examples/java/src/main/java/org/wickra/examples/MultiTimeframe.java
index 03d5fc1a..fa67067d 100644
--- a/examples/java/src/main/java/org/wickra/examples/MultiTimeframe.java
+++ b/examples/java/src/main/java/org/wickra/examples/MultiTimeframe.java
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package org.wickra.examples;
 
+import org.wickra.Candle;
 import org.wickra.Ema;
+import org.wickra.Resampler;
 import org.wickra.examples.MarketData.Bar;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -28,19 +30,25 @@ public final class MultiTimeframe {
         if (factor <= 1) {
             return source;
         }
+        // Native Resampler: bucket by an absolute timeframe (the synthetic bars step
+        // 60_000 ms, so factor minutes == factor*60_000 ms). No hand-written bucketing.
         List<Bar> output = new ArrayList<>();
-        for (int i = 0; i < source.length; i += factor) {
-            int end = Math.min(i + factor, source.length);
-            double high = Double.MIN_VALUE;
-            double low = Double.MAX_VALUE;
-            double volume = 0;
-            for (int j = i; j < end; j++) {
-                high = Math.max(high, source[j].high());
-                low = Math.min(low, source[j].low());
-                volume += source[j].volume();
+        try (Resampler r = new Resampler((long) factor * 60_000L)) {
+            for (Bar b : source) {
+                Candle c = r.update(b.open(), b.high(), b.low(), b.close(), b.volume(), b.timestamp());
+                if (c != null) {
+                    output.add(toBar(c));
+                }
+            }
+            Candle last = r.flush();
+            if (last != null) {
+                output.add(toBar(last));
             }
-            output.add(new Bar(source[i].open(), high, low, source[end - 1].close(), volume, source[i].timestamp()));
         }
         return output.toArray(new Bar[0]);
     }
+
+    private static Bar toBar(Candle c) {
+        return new Bar(c.open(), c.high(), c.low(), c.close(), c.volume(), (long) c.timestamp());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/examples/node/backtest.js b/examples/node/backtest.js
index 103c373f..ec20e924 100644
--- a/examples/node/backtest.js
+++ b/examples/node/backtest.js
@@ -18,9 +18,6 @@ const path = require('node:path');
 
 const wickra = require('wickra');
 
-// The OHLCV columns the default layout requires; the CSV header must name
-// every one of them (any extra columns are ignored).
-const REQUIRED_COLUMNS = ['timestamp', 'open', 'high', 'low', 'close', 'volume'];
 
 // Default dataset: the checked-in BTCUSDT daily candles under the workspace
 // `examples/data/` directory, resolved relative to this file.
@@ -31,42 +28,22 @@ const DEFAULT_CSV = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'data', 'btcusdt-1d.csv');
 // The Wickra CSV layout is plain numeric — no quoted fields, no embedded
 // commas — so splitting on `,` is a complete and correct parse for it.
 function readHistory(csvPath) {
+  // Native CandleReader: validates the header (timestamp,open,high,low,close,
+  // volume), tolerates a UTF-8 BOM and field whitespace, and throws on a
+  // malformed row. No manual CSV parsing.
   const text = fs.readFileSync(csvPath, 'utf8');
-  const lines = text.split(/\r?\n/).filter((line) => line.length > 0);
-  if (lines.length === 0) {
-    throw new Error(`${csvPath}: file is empty`);
-  }
-
-  const header = lines[0].split(',').map((cell) => cell.trim());
-  const missing = REQUIRED_COLUMNS.filter((col) => !header.includes(col));
-  if (missing.length > 0) {
-    throw new Error(
-      `${csvPath}: CSV header is missing required column(s): ${missing.join(', ')}; ` +
-        `found: ${header.join(', ')}`,
-    );
-  }
-  if (lines.length === 1) {
+  const candles = new wickra.CandleReader(text).read();
+  if (candles.length === 0) {
     throw new Error(`${csvPath}: CSV has a header but no data rows`);
   }
-
-  const columnIndex = {};
-  for (const col of REQUIRED_COLUMNS) {
-    columnIndex[col] = header.indexOf(col);
-  }
-
   const cols = { timestamp: [], open: [], high: [], low: [], close: [], volume: [] };
-  for (let row = 1; row < lines.length; row++) {
-    const cells = lines[row].split(',');
-    for (const col of REQUIRED_COLUMNS) {
-      const raw = cells[columnIndex[col]];
-      const value = raw === undefined ? NaN : Number(raw.trim());
-      if (raw === undefined || raw.trim() === '' || !Number.isFinite(value)) {
-        throw new Error(
-          `${csvPath}: row ${row + 1} column '${col}' is not numeric: ${JSON.stringify(raw)}`,
-        );
-      }
-      cols[col].push(value);
-    }
+  for (const k of candles) {
+    cols.timestamp.push(k.timestamp);
+    cols.open.push(k.open);
+    cols.high.push(k.high);
+    cols.low.push(k.low);
+    cols.close.push(k.close);
+    cols.volume.push(k.volume);
   }
   return cols;
 }
diff --git a/examples/node/live_binance.js b/examples/node/live_binance.js
index 5b0c8806..814cb1d5 100644
--- a/examples/node/live_binance.js
+++ b/examples/node/live_binance.js
@@ -1,37 +1,28 @@
 // Live Binance feed example for the Wickra Node binding.
 //
-// Connects to Binance's public WebSocket feed (no API key needed) and runs
-// RSI / MACD / Bollinger Bands on the incoming close prices. When RSI crosses
-// the common overbought / oversold thresholds *and* the MACD histogram
-// confirms the direction *and* price pierces the matching Bollinger band, a
-// signal line is printed. No orders are placed. It is the Node counterpart of
+// Connects to Binance's public kline feed (no API key needed) through Wickra's
+// native `BinanceFeed` — no third-party WebSocket client — and runs RSI / MACD /
+// Bollinger Bands on the incoming close prices. When RSI crosses the common
+// overbought / oversold thresholds *and* the MACD histogram confirms the
+// direction *and* price pierces the matching Bollinger band, a signal line is
+// printed. No orders are placed. It is the Node counterpart of
 // examples/python/live_binance.py.
 //
 // Run it from the repository after building the native binding:
 //
 //   cd bindings/node && npm install && npx napi build --platform --release
-//   cd ../../examples/node && npm install     # pulls `ws` for this example
-//   node live_binance.js --symbol BTCUSDT --interval 1m
+//   cd ../../examples/node && node live_binance.js --symbol BTCUSDT --interval 1m
 //
 // Stop it with Ctrl+C.
 
 const wickra = require('wickra');
 
-let WebSocket;
-try {
-  WebSocket = require('ws');
-} catch (err) {
-  console.error('This example needs the `ws` package — run `npm install` in examples/node.');
-  process.exit(1);
-}
-
-const BINANCE_WS = 'wss://stream.binance.com:9443/stream';
-
-// Kline intervals the public Binance WebSocket API recognises.
-const VALID_INTERVALS = new Set([
-  '1s', '1m', '3m', '5m', '15m', '30m', '1h', '2h', '4h', '6h', '8h', '12h',
-  '1d', '3d', '1w', '1M',
-]);
+// Kline interval string -> BinanceFeed interval code (the Interval declaration
+// order shared by every binding).
+const INTERVAL_CODES = {
+  '1s': 0, '1m': 1, '3m': 2, '5m': 3, '15m': 4, '30m': 5, '1h': 6, '2h': 7,
+  '4h': 8, '6h': 9, '8h': 10, '12h': 11, '1d': 12, '3d': 13, '1w': 14, '1M': 15,
+};
 
 // A Binance symbol is strictly alphanumeric (e.g. BTCUSDT).
 const SYMBOL_RE = /^[A-Za-z0-9]+$/;
@@ -53,19 +44,17 @@ function parseArgs(argv) {
   return args;
 }
 
-// Reject a symbol or interval that is not safe to splice into the WS URL.
-// Both are interpolated straight into the stream name, so validating up front
-// keeps the URL well-formed without needing to escape it.
+// Reject a symbol or interval the feed cannot use.
 function validateArgs(symbol, interval) {
   if (typeof symbol !== 'string' || !SYMBOL_RE.test(symbol)) {
     throw new Error(
       `invalid --symbol ${JSON.stringify(symbol)}: expected only letters and digits, e.g. BTCUSDT`,
     );
   }
-  if (!VALID_INTERVALS.has(interval)) {
+  if (!(interval in INTERVAL_CODES)) {
     throw new Error(
       `invalid --interval ${JSON.stringify(interval)}: expected one of ` +
-        [...VALID_INTERVALS].join(', '),
+        Object.keys(INTERVAL_CODES).join(', '),
     );
   }
 }
@@ -88,31 +77,35 @@ function main() {
   const macd = new wickra.MACD(12, 26, 9);
   const bb = new wickra.BollingerBands(20, 2.0);
 
-  const stream = `${args.symbol.toLowerCase()}@kline_${args.interval}`;
-  const url = `${BINANCE_WS}?streams=${stream}`;
-  console.log(`Connecting to ${url}`);
+  // Native feed: a blocking poll driving the same tested WebSocket stream as the
+  // Rust core. `next(timeoutMs)` returns the next event or null on timeout, so a
+  // short timeout in a loop keeps Ctrl+C responsive without a third-party client.
+  const feed = new wickra.BinanceFeed(args.symbol, INTERVAL_CODES[args.interval]);
+  console.log(
+    `Listening for ${args.symbol.toLowerCase()}@kline_${args.interval} klines (Ctrl+C to stop)`,
+  );
 
-  const ws = new WebSocket(url);
-
-  ws.on('open', () => {
-    console.log(`Connected, listening for ${stream} klines (Ctrl+C to stop)`);
+  let running = true;
+  process.on('SIGINT', () => {
+    console.log('\nShutting down…');
+    running = false;
   });
 
-  ws.on('message', (raw) => {
-    let envelope;
+  while (running) {
+    let event;
     try {
-      envelope = JSON.parse(raw.toString());
+      event = feed.next(1000);
     } catch (err) {
-      return; // ignore non-JSON frames
+      console.error(`feed error: ${err.message}`);
+      process.exitCode = 1;
+      break;
     }
-    const k = (envelope.data && envelope.data.k) || null;
-    if (!k || k.c === undefined) {
-      // Subscription acks, heartbeats and error frames carry no kline payload —
-      // skip them instead of crashing on Number(undefined).
-      return;
+    if (event === null) {
+      continue; // timeout — poll again
     }
-    const close = Number(k.c);
-    const isClosed = Boolean(k.x);
+
+    const close = event.close;
+    const isClosed = event.isClosed;
 
     const rsiV = rsi.update(close);
     const macdV = macd.update(close); // { macd, signal, histogram } or null
@@ -137,23 +130,10 @@ function main() {
         );
       }
     }
-  });
+  }
 
-  ws.on('error', (err) => {
-    console.error(`websocket error: ${err.message}`);
-    process.exitCode = 1;
-  });
-
-  ws.on('close', () => {
-    console.log('Connection closed.');
-  });
-
-  // Translate Ctrl+C into a clean shutdown.
-  process.on('SIGINT', () => {
-    console.log('\nShutting down…');
-    ws.close();
-    process.exit(0);
-  });
+  feed.close();
+  console.log('Connection closed.');
 }
 
 main();
diff --git a/examples/node/multi_timeframe.js b/examples/node/multi_timeframe.js
index c903698b..2793563e 100644
--- a/examples/node/multi_timeframe.js
+++ b/examples/node/multi_timeframe.js
@@ -14,87 +14,51 @@ const path = require('node:path');
 
 const wickra = require('wickra');
 
-const REQUIRED_COLUMNS = ['timestamp', 'open', 'high', 'low', 'close', 'volume'];
 const DEFAULT_CSV = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'data', 'btcusdt-1m.csv');
 const ONE_MINUTE_MS = 60_000;
 
 function readCsv(csvPath) {
+  // Native CandleReader: header validation, BOM/whitespace tolerance, throws on
+  // a malformed row.
   const text = fs.readFileSync(csvPath, 'utf8');
-  const lines = text.split(/\r?\n/).filter((line) => line.length > 0);
-  if (lines.length === 0) {
-    throw new Error(`${csvPath}: file is empty`);
-  }
-  const header = lines[0].split(',').map((cell) => cell.trim());
-  const missing = REQUIRED_COLUMNS.filter((col) => !header.includes(col));
-  if (missing.length > 0) {
-    throw new Error(
-      `${csvPath}: missing required column(s): ${missing.join(', ')}; found: ${header.join(', ')}`,
-    );
-  }
-  if (lines.length === 1) {
+  const candles = new wickra.CandleReader(text).read();
+  if (candles.length === 0) {
     throw new Error(`${csvPath}: CSV has a header but no data rows`);
   }
-  const idx = {};
-  for (const col of REQUIRED_COLUMNS) {
-    idx[col] = header.indexOf(col);
-  }
   const cols = { timestamp: [], open: [], high: [], low: [], close: [], volume: [] };
-  for (let i = 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
-    const cells = lines[i].split(',');
-    for (const col of REQUIRED_COLUMNS) {
-      const value = Number(cells[idx[col]]);
-      if (!Number.isFinite(value)) {
-        throw new Error(
-          `${csvPath}: row ${i + 1} column '${col}' is not numeric: ${JSON.stringify(cells[idx[col]])}`,
-        );
-      }
-      cols[col].push(value);
-    }
+  for (const k of candles) {
+    cols.timestamp.push(k.timestamp);
+    cols.open.push(k.open);
+    cols.high.push(k.high);
+    cols.low.push(k.low);
+    cols.close.push(k.close);
+    cols.volume.push(k.volume);
   }
   return cols;
 }
 
-// Roll an OHLCV series up to `bucketMs`-sized buckets keyed on each bar's
-// `floor(timestamp / bucketMs)`. Input timestamps must be monotonic
-// non-decreasing (the bundled BTCUSDT-1m dataset is contiguous, so this
-// holds by construction).
 function resample(cols, bucketMs) {
   if (cols.timestamp.length === 0) {
     throw new Error('resample: empty input series');
   }
+  // Native Resampler — no hand-written bucketing. update() emits a closed candle
+  // when a bucket boundary is crossed; flush() yields the final partial bucket.
+  const r = new wickra.Resampler(bucketMs);
   const out = { timestamp: [], open: [], high: [], low: [], close: [], volume: [] };
-  let bucketStart = Math.floor(cols.timestamp[0] / bucketMs) * bucketMs;
-  let [o, h, l, c, v] = [cols.open[0], cols.high[0], cols.low[0], cols.close[0], cols.volume[0]];
-
-  for (let i = 1; i < cols.timestamp.length; i++) {
-    const start = Math.floor(cols.timestamp[i] / bucketMs) * bucketMs;
-    if (start === bucketStart) {
-      if (cols.high[i] > h) h = cols.high[i];
-      if (cols.low[i] < l) l = cols.low[i];
-      c = cols.close[i];
-      v += cols.volume[i];
-    } else {
-      out.timestamp.push(bucketStart);
-      out.open.push(o);
-      out.high.push(h);
-      out.low.push(l);
-      out.close.push(c);
-      out.volume.push(v);
-      bucketStart = start;
-      o = cols.open[i];
-      h = cols.high[i];
-      l = cols.low[i];
-      c = cols.close[i];
-      v = cols.volume[i];
-    }
+  const push = (k) => {
+    out.timestamp.push(k.timestamp);
+    out.open.push(k.open);
+    out.high.push(k.high);
+    out.low.push(k.low);
+    out.close.push(k.close);
+    out.volume.push(k.volume);
+  };
+  for (let i = 0; i < cols.timestamp.length; i++) {
+    const k = r.update(cols.open[i], cols.high[i], cols.low[i], cols.close[i], cols.volume[i], cols.timestamp[i]);
+    if (k !== null) push(k);
   }
-  // Flush the final open bucket.
-  out.timestamp.push(bucketStart);
-  out.open.push(o);
-  out.high.push(h);
-  out.low.push(l);
-  out.close.push(c);
-  out.volume.push(v);
+  const last = r.flush();
+  if (last !== null) push(last);
   return out;
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/node/package-lock.json b/examples/node/package-lock.json
index 1fb64b29..0937de93 100644
--- a/examples/node/package-lock.json
+++ b/examples/node/package-lock.json
@@ -10,9 +10,6 @@
       "license": "SEE LICENSE IN ../../LICENSE",
       "dependencies": {
         "wickra": "file:../../bindings/node"
-      },
-      "devDependencies": {
-        "ws": "^8.18.0"
       }
     },
     "../../bindings/node": {
@@ -23,7 +20,7 @@
         "@napi-rs/cli": "^2.18.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 18"
+        "node": ">= 20"
       },
       "optionalDependencies": {
         "wickra-darwin-arm64": "0.9.2",
@@ -37,28 +34,6 @@
     "node_modules/wickra": {
       "resolved": "../../bindings/node",
       "link": true
-    },
-    "node_modules/ws": {
-      "version": "8.21.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ws/-/ws-8.21.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-Vsp28b7DRcimFQvrqu2Wek3z1iYxDCWqHYB8Qsnk/S4RfaCQzPGPyBNuVjJV3cd6UiKtUtp6sNM77gWvzcCH+g==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=10.0.0"
-      },
-      "peerDependencies": {
-        "bufferutil": "^4.0.1",
-        "utf-8-validate": ">=5.0.2"
-      },
-      "peerDependenciesMeta": {
-        "bufferutil": {
-          "optional": true
-        },
-        "utf-8-validate": {
-          "optional": true
-        }
-      }
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/examples/node/package.json b/examples/node/package.json
index cb469cef..779e607e 100644
--- a/examples/node/package.json
+++ b/examples/node/package.json
@@ -6,8 +6,5 @@
   "license": "SEE LICENSE IN ../../LICENSE",
   "dependencies": {
     "wickra": "file:../../bindings/node"
-  },
-  "devDependencies": {
-    "ws": "^8.18.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/examples/node/strategy_bollinger_squeeze.js b/examples/node/strategy_bollinger_squeeze.js
index 1d1bc43e..6efeb175 100644
--- a/examples/node/strategy_bollinger_squeeze.js
+++ b/examples/node/strategy_bollinger_squeeze.js
@@ -31,48 +31,14 @@ const ATR_PERIOD = 14;
 const ATR_STOP_MULT = 2.0;
 const SQUEEZE_LOOKBACK = 180;
 
-const REQUIRED_COLUMNS = ['timestamp', 'open', 'high', 'low', 'close', 'volume'];
 const DEFAULT_CSV = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'data', 'btcusdt-1d.csv');
 
 function loadCandles(csvPath) {
+  // Native CandleReader: validates the header, tolerates a UTF-8 BOM and field
+  // whitespace, and throws on a malformed row. Yields { open, high, low, close,
+  // volume, timestamp } objects.
   const text = fs.readFileSync(csvPath, 'utf8');
-  const lines = text.split(/\r?\n/).filter((line) => line.length > 0);
-  if (lines.length === 0) {
-    throw new Error(`${csvPath}: file is empty`);
-  }
-
-  const header = lines[0].split(',').map((cell) => cell.trim());
-  const missing = REQUIRED_COLUMNS.filter((col) => !header.includes(col));
-  if (missing.length > 0) {
-    throw new Error(
-      `${csvPath}: CSV header is missing required column(s): ${missing.join(', ')}; ` +
-        `found: ${header.join(', ')}`,
-    );
-  }
-  if (lines.length === 1) {
-    throw new Error(`${csvPath}: CSV has a header but no data rows`);
-  }
-
-  const idx = {};
-  for (const col of REQUIRED_COLUMNS) idx[col] = header.indexOf(col);
-
-  const candles = [];
-  for (let row = 1; row < lines.length; row++) {
-    const cells = lines[row].split(',');
-    const candle = {};
-    for (const col of ['open', 'high', 'low', 'close', 'volume']) {
-      const raw = cells[idx[col]];
-      const value = raw === undefined ? NaN : Number(raw.trim());
-      if (raw === undefined || raw.trim() === '' || !Number.isFinite(value)) {
-        throw new Error(
-          `${csvPath}: row ${row + 1} column '${col}' is not numeric: ${JSON.stringify(raw)}`,
-        );
-      }
-      candle[col] = value;
-    }
-    candles.push(candle);
-  }
-  return candles;
+  return new wickra.CandleReader(text).read();
 }
 
 function signed(value, digits) {
diff --git a/examples/node/strategy_macd_adx.js b/examples/node/strategy_macd_adx.js
index 2f89bc57..2336dcc1 100644
--- a/examples/node/strategy_macd_adx.js
+++ b/examples/node/strategy_macd_adx.js
@@ -25,48 +25,14 @@ const wickra = require('wickra');
 const FEE = 0.001;
 const ADX_FLOOR = 20.0;
 
-const REQUIRED_COLUMNS = ['timestamp', 'open', 'high', 'low', 'close', 'volume'];
 const DEFAULT_CSV = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'data', 'btcusdt-1h.csv');
 
 function loadCandles(csvPath) {
+  // Native CandleReader: validates the header, tolerates a UTF-8 BOM and field
+  // whitespace, and throws on a malformed row. Yields { open, high, low, close,
+  // volume, timestamp } objects.
   const text = fs.readFileSync(csvPath, 'utf8');
-  const lines = text.split(/\r?\n/).filter((line) => line.length > 0);
-  if (lines.length === 0) {
-    throw new Error(`${csvPath}: file is empty`);
-  }
-
-  const header = lines[0].split(',').map((cell) => cell.trim());
-  const missing = REQUIRED_COLUMNS.filter((col) => !header.includes(col));
-  if (missing.length > 0) {
-    throw new Error(
-      `${csvPath}: CSV header is missing required column(s): ${missing.join(', ')}; ` +
-        `found: ${header.join(', ')}`,
-    );
-  }
-  if (lines.length === 1) {
-    throw new Error(`${csvPath}: CSV has a header but no data rows`);
-  }
-
-  const idx = {};
-  for (const col of REQUIRED_COLUMNS) idx[col] = header.indexOf(col);
-
-  const candles = [];
-  for (let row = 1; row < lines.length; row++) {
-    const cells = lines[row].split(',');
-    const candle = {};
-    for (const col of ['open', 'high', 'low', 'close', 'volume']) {
-      const raw = cells[idx[col]];
-      const value = raw === undefined ? NaN : Number(raw.trim());
-      if (raw === undefined || raw.trim() === '' || !Number.isFinite(value)) {
-        throw new Error(
-          `${csvPath}: row ${row + 1} column '${col}' is not numeric: ${JSON.stringify(raw)}`,
-        );
-      }
-      candle[col] = value;
-    }
-    candles.push(candle);
-  }
-  return candles;
+  return new wickra.CandleReader(text).read();
 }
 
 function signed(value, digits) {
diff --git a/examples/node/strategy_rsi_mean_reversion.js b/examples/node/strategy_rsi_mean_reversion.js
index dd4f54e3..dbe9ec8c 100644
--- a/examples/node/strategy_rsi_mean_reversion.js
+++ b/examples/node/strategy_rsi_mean_reversion.js
@@ -29,51 +29,17 @@ const RSI_PERIOD = 14;
 const OVERSOLD = 30.0;
 const OVERBOUGHT = 70.0;
 
-const REQUIRED_COLUMNS = ['timestamp', 'open', 'high', 'low', 'close', 'volume'];
 const DEFAULT_CSV = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'data', 'btcusdt-1h.csv');
 
 // Parse a plain OHLCV CSV into an array of candle objects. The Wickra CSV
 // layout is plain numeric — no quoted fields, no embedded commas — so splitting
 // on `,` is a complete and correct parse for it.
 function loadCandles(csvPath) {
+  // Native CandleReader: validates the header, tolerates a UTF-8 BOM and field
+  // whitespace, and throws on a malformed row. Yields { open, high, low, close,
+  // volume, timestamp } objects.
   const text = fs.readFileSync(csvPath, 'utf8');
-  const lines = text.split(/\r?\n/).filter((line) => line.length > 0);
-  if (lines.length === 0) {
-    throw new Error(`${csvPath}: file is empty`);
-  }
-
-  const header = lines[0].split(',').map((cell) => cell.trim());
-  const missing = REQUIRED_COLUMNS.filter((col) => !header.includes(col));
-  if (missing.length > 0) {
-    throw new Error(
-      `${csvPath}: CSV header is missing required column(s): ${missing.join(', ')}; ` +
-        `found: ${header.join(', ')}`,
-    );
-  }
-  if (lines.length === 1) {
-    throw new Error(`${csvPath}: CSV has a header but no data rows`);
-  }
-
-  const idx = {};
-  for (const col of REQUIRED_COLUMNS) idx[col] = header.indexOf(col);
-
-  const candles = [];
-  for (let row = 1; row < lines.length; row++) {
-    const cells = lines[row].split(',');
-    const candle = {};
-    for (const col of ['open', 'high', 'low', 'close', 'volume']) {
-      const raw = cells[idx[col]];
-      const value = raw === undefined ? NaN : Number(raw.trim());
-      if (raw === undefined || raw.trim() === '' || !Number.isFinite(value)) {
-        throw new Error(
-          `${csvPath}: row ${row + 1} column '${col}' is not numeric: ${JSON.stringify(raw)}`,
-        );
-      }
-      candle[col] = value;
-    }
-    candles.push(candle);
-  }
-  return candles;
+  return new wickra.CandleReader(text).read();
 }
 
 // Forced-sign fixed-point (matches Python's `{:+.Nf}`): the value's own minus is
diff --git a/examples/python/backtest.py b/examples/python/backtest.py
index d45704df..2f7695a4 100644
--- a/examples/python/backtest.py
+++ b/examples/python/backtest.py
@@ -14,20 +14,14 @@ indicators are wired correctly without pulling in pandas or a charting stack.
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import argparse
-import csv
 import sys
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import List
 
 import numpy as np
 
 import wickra as ta
 
 
-# Columns the OHLCV layout requires; the CSV header must name every one.
-REQUIRED_COLUMNS = ("timestamp", "open", "high", "low", "close", "volume")
-
-
 @dataclass
 class History:
     timestamp: np.ndarray
@@ -39,51 +33,30 @@ class History:
 
 
 def read_history(path: str) -> History:
-    """Load an OHLCV CSV into typed NumPy columns.
+    """Load an OHLCV CSV into typed NumPy columns with Wickra's native
+    ``CandleReader`` — no manual CSV parsing.
+
+    ``CandleReader`` validates the header (``timestamp,open,high,low,close,volume``),
+    tolerates a UTF-8 BOM and surrounding whitespace, and raises ``ValueError`` on a
+    missing column or a non-numeric / invalid OHLC row.
 
     Raises:
-        ValueError: if the file has no header, is missing a required column,
-            holds no data rows, or contains a non-numeric value (the message
-            pinpoints the offending row and column instead of surfacing an
-            opaque ``KeyError`` or NumPy ``ValueError``).
+        ValueError: if the CSV header or a data row is malformed.
     """
-    rows: List[List[str]] = []
-    with open(path, newline="") as f:
-        reader = csv.DictReader(f)
-        if reader.fieldnames is None:
-            raise ValueError(f"{path}: CSV has no header row")
-        missing = [c for c in REQUIRED_COLUMNS if c not in reader.fieldnames]
-        if missing:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"{path}: CSV is missing required column(s): "
-                f"{', '.join(missing)}; found: {', '.join(reader.fieldnames)}"
-            )
-        for row in reader:
-            rows.append([row[c] for c in REQUIRED_COLUMNS])
-    if not rows:
+    with open(path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        candles = ta.CandleReader(f.read()).read()
+    if not candles:
         raise ValueError(f"{path}: CSV has a header but no data rows")
-    try:
-        arr = np.array(rows, dtype=np.float64)
-    except (TypeError, ValueError) as exc:
-        # NumPy's own message names neither the row nor the column — locate
-        # the first non-numeric cell and report it precisely.
-        for line_no, row in enumerate(rows, start=2):
-            for col, value in zip(REQUIRED_COLUMNS, row):
-                try:
-                    float(value)
-                except (TypeError, ValueError):
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        f"{path}: row {line_no} column '{col}' is not "
-                        f"numeric: {value!r}"
-                    ) from exc
-        raise  # could not localise — surface the original error
+    # CandleReader yields (open, high, low, close, volume, timestamp) tuples.
+    # Transpose into contiguous 1-D columns (batch() needs C-contiguous arrays).
+    o, h, l, c, v, ts = (np.array(col, dtype=np.float64) for col in zip(*candles))
     return History(
-        timestamp=arr[:, 0].astype(np.int64),
-        open=arr[:, 1],
-        high=arr[:, 2],
-        low=arr[:, 3],
-        close=arr[:, 4],
-        volume=arr[:, 5],
+        timestamp=ts.astype(np.int64),
+        open=o,
+        high=h,
+        low=l,
+        close=c,
+        volume=v,
     )
 
 
diff --git a/examples/python/live_binance.py b/examples/python/live_binance.py
index 433e9bbe..55e7f06b 100644
--- a/examples/python/live_binance.py
+++ b/examples/python/live_binance.py
@@ -1,61 +1,42 @@
-"""Live Binance feed: stream Binance kline ticks → incremental indicators → signals.
+"""Live Binance feed: stream Binance kline ticks -> incremental indicators -> signals.
 
-This example connects to Binance's public WebSocket feed (no API key needed)
-and runs RSI / MACD / Bollinger Bands on the close prices coming in. When the
-RSI crosses common overbought / oversold thresholds *and* the MACD histogram
-confirms the direction, a `Signal` event is printed. No orders are placed.
+This example streams Binance's public kline feed (no API key needed) through
+Wickra's **native** ``BinanceFeed`` and runs RSI / MACD / Bollinger Bands on the
+close prices coming in. When the RSI crosses common overbought / oversold
+thresholds *and* the MACD histogram confirms the direction, a signal is printed.
+No orders are placed.
 
-Run with::
+There is **no third-party dependency** — the WebSocket client is built into
+Wickra. Just::
 
     python -m examples.python.live_binance --symbol BTCUSDT --interval 1m
-
-Dependencies::
-
-    pip install websockets
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import argparse
-import asyncio
-import json
 import logging
 import re
-import signal
 import sys
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Optional
 
 import wickra as ta
 
-try:
-    import websockets
-except ImportError:
-    print("This example needs the `websockets` package: pip install websockets", file=sys.stderr)
-    raise
-
-
-BINANCE_WS = "wss://stream.binance.com:9443/stream"
-
-# Kline intervals the public Binance WebSocket API recognises.
-VALID_INTERVALS = frozenset(
-    {
-        "1s", "1m", "3m", "5m", "15m", "30m",
-        "1h", "2h", "4h", "6h", "8h", "12h",
-        "1d", "3d", "1w", "1M",
-    }
-)
+# Binance kline interval -> the integer code BinanceFeed expects (the same order
+# in every Wickra binding).
+INTERVAL_CODES = {
+    "1s": 0, "1m": 1, "3m": 2, "5m": 3, "15m": 4, "30m": 5,
+    "1h": 6, "2h": 7, "4h": 8, "6h": 9, "8h": 10, "12h": 11,
+    "1d": 12, "3d": 13, "1w": 14, "1M": 15,
+}
 
 # A Binance symbol is strictly alphanumeric (e.g. BTCUSDT).
 _SYMBOL_RE = re.compile(r"^[A-Za-z0-9]+$")
 
 
-def validate_args(symbol: str, interval: str) -> None:
-    """Reject a symbol or interval that is not safe to splice into the WS URL.
-
-    Both values are interpolated straight into the stream name and URL, so an
-    unexpected value would otherwise produce a confusing connection failure.
-    Validating up front keeps the URL well-formed without needing to escape it.
+def validate_args(symbol: str, interval: str) -> int:
+    """Validate the symbol/interval and return the interval's integer code.
 
     Raises:
         ValueError: if ``symbol`` is not strictly alphanumeric, or ``interval``
@@ -63,14 +44,14 @@ def validate_args(symbol: str, interval: str) -> None:
     """
     if not _SYMBOL_RE.match(symbol):
         raise ValueError(
-            f"invalid --symbol {symbol!r}: expected only letters and digits, "
-            "e.g. BTCUSDT"
+            f"invalid --symbol {symbol!r}: expected only letters and digits, e.g. BTCUSDT"
         )
-    if interval not in VALID_INTERVALS:
+    if interval not in INTERVAL_CODES:
         raise ValueError(
             f"invalid --interval {interval!r}: expected one of "
-            + ", ".join(sorted(VALID_INTERVALS))
+            + ", ".join(INTERVAL_CODES)
         )
+    return INTERVAL_CODES[interval]
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -120,38 +101,28 @@ def emit_signal(snap: Snapshot, log: logging.Logger) -> None:
         )
 
 
-async def run(symbol: str, interval: str) -> None:
-    stream = f"{symbol.lower()}@kline_{interval}"
-    url = f"{BINANCE_WS}?streams={stream}"
+def run(symbol: str, interval_code: int) -> None:
     log = logging.getLogger("wickra-live")
     state = StrategyState()
-    log.info("Connecting to %s", url)
-    async with websockets.connect(url, ping_interval=20) as ws:
-        log.info("Connected, listening for %s klines", stream)
-        async for raw in ws:
-            envelope = json.loads(raw)
-            payload = envelope.get("data", {})
-            k = payload.get("k", {})
-            if not k or "c" not in k:
-                # Subscription acks, heartbeats and error frames carry no
-                # kline payload — skip them instead of crashing on
-                # float(None) the moment the stream opens.
-                log.debug("skipping non-kline frame: %s", raw)
-                continue
-            close = float(k.get("c"))
-            is_closed = bool(k.get("x"))
-            snap = state.update(close)
-            log.info(
-                "%s close=%.4f rsi=%s hist=%s bb=%s",
-                "BAR" if is_closed else "tick",
-                close,
-                f"{snap.rsi:.1f}" if snap.rsi is not None else "--",
-                f"{snap.macd_hist:+.4f}" if snap.macd_hist is not None else "--",
-                f"{snap.bb_lower:.2f}/{snap.bb_middle:.2f}/{snap.bb_upper:.2f}"
-                if snap.bb_upper is not None
-                else "--",
-            )
-            emit_signal(snap, log)
+    feed = ta.BinanceFeed(symbol, interval_code)
+    log.info("Streaming %s klines from Binance", symbol)
+    while True:
+        event = feed.next(1000)  # blocks up to 1s; None on timeout (Ctrl+C between polls)
+        if event is None:
+            continue
+        _symbol, _open, _high, _low, close, _volume, _open_time, is_closed = event
+        snap = state.update(close)
+        log.info(
+            "%s close=%.4f rsi=%s hist=%s bb=%s",
+            "BAR" if is_closed else "tick",
+            close,
+            f"{snap.rsi:.1f}" if snap.rsi is not None else "--",
+            f"{snap.macd_hist:+.4f}" if snap.macd_hist is not None else "--",
+            f"{snap.bb_lower:.2f}/{snap.bb_middle:.2f}/{snap.bb_upper:.2f}"
+            if snap.bb_upper is not None
+            else "--",
+        )
+        emit_signal(snap, log)
 
 
 def parse_args() -> argparse.Namespace:
@@ -165,7 +136,7 @@ def parse_args() -> argparse.Namespace:
 def main() -> int:
     args = parse_args()
     try:
-        validate_args(args.symbol, args.interval)
+        interval_code = validate_args(args.symbol, args.interval)
     except ValueError as exc:
         print(f"error: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)
         return 2
@@ -173,19 +144,10 @@ def main() -> int:
         level=logging.DEBUG if args.verbose else logging.INFO,
         format="%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s",
     )
-    loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
-    # Translate Ctrl+C into a clean loop stop.
-    for sig in (signal.SIGINT, signal.SIGTERM):
-        try:
-            loop.add_signal_handler(sig, loop.stop)
-        except NotImplementedError:
-            pass  # Windows does not support add_signal_handler for SIGTERM.
     try:
-        loop.run_until_complete(run(args.symbol, args.interval))
+        run(args.symbol, interval_code)
     except KeyboardInterrupt:
         pass
-    finally:
-        loop.close()
     return 0
 
 
diff --git a/examples/python/multi_timeframe.py b/examples/python/multi_timeframe.py
index e6f19cf3..f8bb9356 100644
--- a/examples/python/multi_timeframe.py
+++ b/examples/python/multi_timeframe.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 """Compute indicators on multiple timeframes from a single 1-minute feed.
 
-Wickra exposes resampling on the Rust side (in `wickra-data`); from Python we
-roll up bars manually using NumPy because most users already have their data
-in a NumPy array and don't need the streaming-resample infrastructure for
-offline analysis.
+Loads the 1-minute history with Wickra's native ``CandleReader`` and rolls it up
+to coarser timeframes with the native ``Resampler`` — no manual CSV parsing and
+no hand-written bucketing. NumPy is used only to run the batch indicators over
+each resampled series.
 
 Run with::
 
@@ -13,104 +13,45 @@ Run with::
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import argparse
-import csv
-from typing import Iterable, List, Tuple
+from typing import List, Tuple
 
 import numpy as np
 
 import wickra as ta
 
-
-# Columns the OHLCV layout requires; the CSV header must name every one.
-REQUIRED_COLUMNS = ("timestamp", "open", "high", "low", "close", "volume")
+# A candle as the data layer yields it: (open, high, low, close, volume, timestamp).
+Candle = Tuple[float, float, float, float, float, int]
 
 
-def read_csv(path: str) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
-    """Read an OHLCV CSV into typed columns.
-
-    Raises:
-        ValueError: if the file has no header, is missing a required column,
-            holds no data rows, or contains a non-numeric value (the message
-            names the offending row).
-    """
-    ts, o, h, l, c, v = [], [], [], [], [], []
-    with open(path, newline="") as f:
-        reader = csv.DictReader(f)
-        if reader.fieldnames is None:
-            raise ValueError(f"{path}: CSV has no header row")
-        missing = [col for col in REQUIRED_COLUMNS if col not in reader.fieldnames]
-        if missing:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"{path}: CSV is missing required column(s): "
-                f"{', '.join(missing)}; found: {', '.join(reader.fieldnames)}"
-            )
-        for line_no, row in enumerate(reader, start=2):
-            try:
-                ts.append(int(row["timestamp"]))
-                o.append(float(row["open"]))
-                h.append(float(row["high"]))
-                l.append(float(row["low"]))
-                c.append(float(row["close"]))
-                v.append(float(row["volume"]))
-            except (TypeError, ValueError) as exc:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"{path}: row {line_no} has a non-numeric value: {exc}"
-                ) from exc
-    if not ts:
-        raise ValueError(f"{path}: CSV has a header but no data rows")
-    return (
-        np.asarray(ts, dtype=np.int64),
-        np.asarray(o, dtype=np.float64),
-        np.asarray(h, dtype=np.float64),
-        np.asarray(l, dtype=np.float64),
-        np.asarray(c, dtype=np.float64),
-        np.asarray(v, dtype=np.float64),
-    )
+def load(path: str) -> List[Candle]:
+    """Read an OHLCV CSV into candles with ``CandleReader`` (validates the
+    ``timestamp,open,high,low,close,volume`` header; raises ``ValueError`` on a
+    malformed header or row)."""
+    with open(path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        return ta.CandleReader(f.read()).read()
 
 
-def resample(
-    ts: np.ndarray,
-    o: np.ndarray,
-    h: np.ndarray,
-    l: np.ndarray,
-    c: np.ndarray,
-    v: np.ndarray,
-    bucket: int,
-) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, ...]:
-    """Aggregate bar-level columns into coarser buckets of size `bucket`.
-
-    Raises:
-        ValueError: if the input series is empty.
-    """
-    if ts.size == 0:
-        raise ValueError("resample received an empty series")
-    bucket_index = (ts // bucket).astype(np.int64)
-    boundaries = np.diff(bucket_index, prepend=bucket_index[0] - 1) != 0
-    group_ids = np.cumsum(boundaries) - 1
-    n_groups = int(group_ids.max()) + 1
-
-    new_ts = np.empty(n_groups, dtype=np.int64)
-    new_o = np.empty(n_groups, dtype=np.float64)
-    new_h = np.empty(n_groups, dtype=np.float64)
-    new_l = np.empty(n_groups, dtype=np.float64)
-    new_c = np.empty(n_groups, dtype=np.float64)
-    new_v = np.empty(n_groups, dtype=np.float64)
-
-    for g in range(n_groups):
-        mask = group_ids == g
-        new_ts[g] = ts[mask][0]
-        new_o[g] = o[mask][0]
-        new_h[g] = h[mask].max()
-        new_l[g] = l[mask].min()
-        new_c[g] = c[mask][-1]
-        new_v[g] = v[mask].sum()
-    return new_ts, new_o, new_h, new_l, new_c, new_v
+def resample(candles: List[Candle], bucket_ms: int) -> List[Candle]:
+    """Aggregate 1-minute candles into ``bucket_ms``-sized candles with the
+    native streaming ``Resampler``."""
+    r = ta.Resampler(bucket_ms)
+    out: List[Candle] = []
+    for o, h, l, c, v, ts in candles:
+        agg = r.update(o, h, l, c, v, ts)
+        if agg is not None:
+            out.append(agg)
+    tail = r.flush()
+    if tail is not None:
+        out.append(tail)
+    return out
 
 
-def summarize(label: str, close: np.ndarray, high: np.ndarray, low: np.ndarray) -> None:
-    if close.size == 0:
+def summarize(label: str, candles: List[Candle]) -> None:
+    if not candles:
         print(f"  {label:<10} (empty series — nothing to summarize)")
         return
+    # Transpose into contiguous 1-D columns (batch() needs C-contiguous arrays).
+    _o, high, low, close, _v, _ts = (np.array(col, dtype=np.float64) for col in zip(*candles))
     rsi = ta.RSI(14).batch(close)
     macd = ta.MACD().batch(close)
     adx = ta.ADX(14).batch(high, low, close)
@@ -130,16 +71,15 @@ def main() -> int:
     p.add_argument("path", help="Path to a 1-minute OHLCV CSV (timestamps in milliseconds)")
     args = p.parse_args()
 
-    ts, o, h, l, c, v = read_csv(args.path)
+    candles = load(args.path)
     one_minute = 60_000
 
     print(f"Multi-timeframe view of {args.path}")
-    summarize("1m", c, h, l)
+    summarize("1m", candles)
     for label, bucket in [("5m", 5), ("15m", 15), ("1h", 60), ("4h", 240), ("1d", 1440)]:
-        if ts.size < bucket:
+        if len(candles) < bucket:
             continue
-        rs_ts, rs_o, rs_h, rs_l, rs_c, rs_v = resample(ts, o, h, l, c, v, bucket * one_minute)
-        summarize(label, rs_c, rs_h, rs_l)
+        summarize(label, resample(candles, bucket * one_minute))
     return 0
 
 
diff --git a/examples/python/strategy_bollinger_squeeze.py b/examples/python/strategy_bollinger_squeeze.py
index 6f95155c..8374a831 100644
--- a/examples/python/strategy_bollinger_squeeze.py
+++ b/examples/python/strategy_bollinger_squeeze.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ daily bars give an interpretable 6-month-low lookback (~180 bars).
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import csv
 import math
 from collections import deque
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -34,18 +33,14 @@ SQUEEZE_LOOKBACK = 180
 
 
 def load_candles(path: Path) -> list[dict[str, float]]:
-    with path.open() as fh:
-        reader = csv.DictReader(fh)
-        return [
-            {
-                "open": float(r["open"]),
-                "high": float(r["high"]),
-                "low": float(r["low"]),
-                "close": float(r["close"]),
-                "volume": float(r["volume"]),
-            }
-            for r in reader
-        ]
+    # Native CandleReader: validates the header, tolerates a UTF-8 BOM and field
+    # whitespace, and raises ValueError on a malformed row. No third-party CSV.
+    candles = ta.CandleReader(path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")).read()
+    # CandleReader yields (open, high, low, close, volume, timestamp) tuples.
+    return [
+        {"open": o, "high": h, "low": l, "close": c, "volume": v}
+        for o, h, l, c, v, _ts in candles
+    ]
 
 
 def print_summary(
diff --git a/examples/python/strategy_macd_adx.py b/examples/python/strategy_macd_adx.py
index 4a119b4c..18185b12 100644
--- a/examples/python/strategy_macd_adx.py
+++ b/examples/python/strategy_macd_adx.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ Uses the checked-in ``examples/data/btcusdt-1h.csv`` dataset.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import csv
 import math
 from pathlib import Path
 
@@ -26,18 +25,14 @@ ADX_FLOOR = 20.0
 
 
 def load_candles(path: Path) -> list[dict[str, float]]:
-    with path.open() as fh:
-        reader = csv.DictReader(fh)
-        return [
-            {
-                "open": float(r["open"]),
-                "high": float(r["high"]),
-                "low": float(r["low"]),
-                "close": float(r["close"]),
-                "volume": float(r["volume"]),
-            }
-            for r in reader
-        ]
+    # Native CandleReader: validates the header, tolerates a UTF-8 BOM and field
+    # whitespace, and raises ValueError on a malformed row. No third-party CSV.
+    candles = ta.CandleReader(path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")).read()
+    # CandleReader yields (open, high, low, close, volume, timestamp) tuples.
+    return [
+        {"open": o, "high": h, "low": l, "close": c, "volume": v}
+        for o, h, l, c, v, _ts in candles
+    ]
 
 
 def print_summary(
diff --git a/examples/python/strategy_rsi_mean_reversion.py b/examples/python/strategy_rsi_mean_reversion.py
index 6bb0bb9a..7172bde4 100644
--- a/examples/python/strategy_rsi_mean_reversion.py
+++ b/examples/python/strategy_rsi_mean_reversion.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ Uses the checked-in ``examples/data/btcusdt-1h.csv`` dataset.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import csv
 import math
 from pathlib import Path
 
@@ -30,18 +29,14 @@ OVERBOUGHT = 70.0
 
 
 def load_candles(path: Path) -> list[dict[str, float]]:
-    with path.open() as fh:
-        reader = csv.DictReader(fh)
-        return [
-            {
-                "open": float(r["open"]),
-                "high": float(r["high"]),
-                "low": float(r["low"]),
-                "close": float(r["close"]),
-                "volume": float(r["volume"]),
-            }
-            for r in reader
-        ]
+    # Native CandleReader: validates the header, tolerates a UTF-8 BOM and field
+    # whitespace, and raises ValueError on a malformed row. No third-party CSV.
+    candles = ta.CandleReader(path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")).read()
+    # CandleReader yields (open, high, low, close, volume, timestamp) tuples.
+    return [
+        {"open": o, "high": h, "low": l, "close": c, "volume": v}
+        for o, h, l, c, v, _ts in candles
+    ]
 
 
 def print_summary(
diff --git a/examples/r/README.md b/examples/r/README.md
index a34aff8f..ca2eb87a 100644
--- a/examples/r/README.md
+++ b/examples/r/README.md
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ Rscript streaming.R
 | `strategy_rsi_mean_reversion.R` | RSI(14) mean-reversion with a PnL / Sharpe / max-DD summary. | `Rscript strategy_rsi_mean_reversion.R` |
 | `strategy_macd_adx.R` | MACD crossover entries gated by ADX(14) > 20. | `Rscript strategy_macd_adx.R` |
 | `strategy_bollinger_squeeze.R` | Bollinger-squeeze breakout with an ATR(14) trailing stop. | `Rscript strategy_bollinger_squeeze.R` |
-| `fetch_btcusdt.R` | Download real BTCUSDT klines from the Binance REST API into a CSV (`jsonlite`). | `Rscript fetch_btcusdt.R` |
-| `live_binance.R` | Stream live Binance klines through EMA(20) over a WebSocket (`websocket`). | `Rscript live_binance.R` |
+| `fetch_btcusdt.R` | Download real BTCUSDT klines from the Binance REST API into a CSV (native `fetch_binance_klines`). | `Rscript fetch_btcusdt.R` |
+| `live_binance.R` | Stream live Binance klines through EMA(20) via the native `BinanceFeed`. | `Rscript live_binance.R` |
 
-`fetch_btcusdt.R` and `live_binance.R` require network access (and the
-`jsonlite` / `websocket` packages); the rest run offline on deterministic
-synthetic data. `parallel_assets.R` forks via `parallel::mclapply` on Unix and
-runs serially on Windows.
+`fetch_btcusdt.R` and `live_binance.R` require network access but no third-party
+packages — they use Wickra's native REST fetcher and live feed; the rest run
+offline on deterministic synthetic data. `parallel_assets.R` forks via
+`parallel::mclapply` on Unix and runs serially on Windows.
diff --git a/examples/r/_common.R b/examples/r/_common.R
index 3c94576e..fd4805ee 100644
--- a/examples/r/_common.R
+++ b/examples/r/_common.R
@@ -24,14 +24,11 @@ synthetic_candles <- function(count, start_ts = 0, step_ms = 3600000) {
 }
 
 load_ohlcv_csv <- function(path) {
-  df <- utils::read.csv(path, header = TRUE, stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
-  if (ncol(df) >= 6) {
-    data.frame(open = df[[2]], high = df[[3]], low = df[[4]],
-               close = df[[5]], volume = df[[6]], timestamp = df[[1]])
-  } else {
-    data.frame(open = df[[1]], high = df[[2]], low = df[[3]],
-               close = df[[4]], volume = df[[5]], timestamp = seq_len(nrow(df)))
-  }
+  # Native CandleReader: header validation, BOM and field-whitespace tolerance.
+  # read() returns an (n x 6) matrix of open, high, low, close, volume, timestamp.
+  m <- read(CandleReader(paste(readLines(path, warn = FALSE), collapse = "\n")))
+  data.frame(open = m[, "open"], high = m[, "high"], low = m[, "low"],
+             close = m[, "close"], volume = m[, "volume"], timestamp = m[, "timestamp"])
 }
 
 summarize_equity <- function(returns, trades, periods_per_year = 252) {
diff --git a/examples/r/fetch_btcusdt.R b/examples/r/fetch_btcusdt.R
index e37b72b3..d756ad69 100644
--- a/examples/r/fetch_btcusdt.R
+++ b/examples/r/fetch_btcusdt.R
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
 # Download real BTCUSDT hourly klines from the Binance REST API into a CSV that the
-# other examples can consume. Requires network access and the 'jsonlite' package.
-if (!requireNamespace("jsonlite", quietly = TRUE)) stop("install 'jsonlite' to run this example")
-url <- "https://api.binance.com/api/v3/klines?symbol=BTCUSDT&interval=1h&limit=500"
-cat("Fetching", url, "\n")
-klines <- jsonlite::fromJSON(url)
+# other examples can consume, using Wickra's native fetcher — no third-party packages.
+# Requires network access.
+library(wickra)
+
+cat("Fetching 500 BTCUSDT 1h klines from Binance...\n")
+# Interval code 6 == 1h. Returns an (n x 6) matrix with columns
+# open, high, low, close, volume, timestamp.
+m <- fetch_binance_klines("BTCUSDT", 6L, 500L)
+
 dir.create("data", showWarnings = FALSE)
 df <- data.frame(
-  timestamp = as.numeric(klines[, 1]), open = klines[, 2], high = klines[, 3],
-  low = klines[, 4], close = klines[, 5], volume = klines[, 6]
+  timestamp = m[, "timestamp"], open = m[, "open"], high = m[, "high"],
+  low = m[, "low"], close = m[, "close"], volume = m[, "volume"]
 )
 utils::write.csv(df, "data/btcusdt_1h.csv", row.names = FALSE, quote = FALSE)
 cat(sprintf("Wrote %d klines to data/btcusdt_1h.csv\n", nrow(df)))
diff --git a/examples/r/live_binance.R b/examples/r/live_binance.R
index 69587a22..8096f75d 100644
--- a/examples/r/live_binance.R
+++ b/examples/r/live_binance.R
@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
 # Stream live BTCUSDT 1-minute klines from Binance and feed each close through EMA(20).
-# Requires network access and the 'websocket' + 'jsonlite' packages. Runs ~60s.
+# Uses Wickra's native BinanceFeed — no third-party packages. Requires network
+# access. Runs for up to ~60 seconds.
 library(wickra)
-for (p in c("websocket", "jsonlite", "later")) {
-  if (!requireNamespace(p, quietly = TRUE)) stop(sprintf("install '%s' to run this example", p))
-}
+
 ema <- Ema(20)
-ws <- websocket::WebSocket$new("wss://stream.binance.com:9443/ws/btcusdt@kline_1m")
-ws$onOpen(function(event) cat("Connected; streaming for up to 60s...\n"))
-ws$onMessage(function(event) {
-  msg <- jsonlite::fromJSON(event$data)
-  close <- as.numeric(msg$k$c)
-  cat(sprintf("close=%.2f  EMA(20)=%.2f\n", close, update(ema, close)))
-})
-ws$connect()
-later::later(function() ws$close(), 60)
-while (ws$readyState() <= 1L) later::run_now(timeout = 1)
+# Interval code 1 == 1m (the Interval declaration order shared by every binding).
+feed <- BinanceFeed("BTCUSDT", 1L)
+cat("Streaming for up to 60s...\n")
+
+deadline <- Sys.time() + 60
+repeat {
+  if (Sys.time() > deadline) break
+  # binance_next() returns a named list on an event, or NULL on timeout.
+  event <- binance_next(feed, 1000)
+  if (is.null(event)) next
+  cat(sprintf("close=%.2f  EMA(20)=%.2f\n", event$close, update(ema, event$close)))
+}
+binance_close(feed)
+cat("Done (time limit reached).\n")
diff --git a/examples/r/multi_timeframe.R b/examples/r/multi_timeframe.R
index 56da0776..d4f71a3e 100644
--- a/examples/r/multi_timeframe.R
+++ b/examples/r/multi_timeframe.R
@@ -4,13 +4,21 @@ source("_common.R")
 
 resample <- function(bars, factor) {
   if (factor <= 1) return(bars)
-  idx <- seq(1, nrow(bars), by = factor)
-  do.call(rbind, lapply(idx, function(i) {
-    j <- min(i + factor - 1, nrow(bars))
-    data.frame(open = bars$open[i], high = max(bars$high[i:j]),
-               low = min(bars$low[i:j]), close = bars$close[j],
-               volume = sum(bars$volume[i:j]), timestamp = bars$timestamp[i])
-  }))
+  # Native Resampler: bucket by an absolute timeframe (synthetic bars step 60000 ms,
+  # so factor minutes == factor*60000 ms). update() yields NA until a bucket closes;
+  # flush() returns the final partial bucket. No hand-written bucketing.
+  r <- Resampler(factor * 60000)
+  out <- list()
+  for (i in seq_len(nrow(bars))) {
+    c <- update(r, bars$open[i], bars$high[i], bars$low[i], bars$close[i],
+                bars$volume[i], bars$timestamp[i])
+    if (!is.na(c[1])) out[[length(out) + 1L]] <- c
+  }
+  f <- flush(r)
+  if (!is.null(f)) out[[length(out) + 1L]] <- f
+  m <- do.call(rbind, out)
+  data.frame(open = m[, 1], high = m[, 2], low = m[, 3], close = m[, 4],
+             volume = m[, 5], timestamp = m[, 6])
 }
 
 one_minute <- synthetic_candles(1200, step_ms = 60000)
diff --git a/examples/wasm/backtest.html b/examples/wasm/backtest.html
index 851a3586..cb9f1d7b 100644
--- a/examples/wasm/backtest.html
+++ b/examples/wasm/backtest.html
@@ -44,40 +44,26 @@
 
   <script type="module">
     import init, {
+      CandleReader,
       version, installPanicHook,
       SMA, EMA, RSI, MACD, BollingerBands, ATR, ADX, OBV,
     } from "../../bindings/wasm/pkg/wickra_wasm.js";
 
-    const REQUIRED = ["timestamp", "open", "high", "low", "close", "volume"];
 
     // Parse a plain OHLCV CSV — the Wickra layout never quotes values nor
     // embeds commas in fields, so split-on-comma is a complete parse.
     function parseCsv(text) {
-      const lines = text.split(/\r?\n/).filter((line) => line.length > 0);
-      if (lines.length === 0) throw new Error("file is empty");
-      const header = lines[0].split(",").map((s) => s.trim());
-      const missing = REQUIRED.filter((c) => !header.includes(c));
-      if (missing.length > 0) {
-        throw new Error(
-          `missing required column(s): ${missing.join(", ")}; found: ${header.join(", ")}`,
-        );
-      }
-      if (lines.length === 1) throw new Error("CSV has a header but no data rows");
-
-      const idx = {};
-      for (const c of REQUIRED) idx[c] = header.indexOf(c);
+      // Native CandleReader: header validation, BOM/whitespace tolerance. No
+      // manual CSV parsing.
+      const candles = new CandleReader(text).read();
       const cols = { timestamp: [], open: [], high: [], low: [], close: [], volume: [] };
-      for (let i = 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
-        const cells = lines[i].split(",");
-        for (const c of REQUIRED) {
-          const v = Number(cells[idx[c]]);
-          if (!Number.isFinite(v)) {
-            throw new Error(
-              `row ${i + 1} column '${c}' is not numeric: ${JSON.stringify(cells[idx[c]])}`,
-            );
-          }
-          cols[c].push(v);
-        }
+      for (const c of candles) {
+        cols.timestamp.push(c.timestamp);
+        cols.open.push(c.open);
+        cols.high.push(c.high);
+        cols.low.push(c.low);
+        cols.close.push(c.close);
+        cols.volume.push(c.volume);
       }
       return cols;
     }
diff --git a/examples/wasm/multi_timeframe.html b/examples/wasm/multi_timeframe.html
index 5da857e4..47ed6a94 100644
--- a/examples/wasm/multi_timeframe.html
+++ b/examples/wasm/multi_timeframe.html
@@ -46,38 +46,25 @@
 
   <script type="module">
     import init, {
+      CandleReader, Resampler,
       version, installPanicHook,
       RSI, MACD, ADX,
     } from "../../bindings/wasm/pkg/wickra_wasm.js";
 
-    const REQUIRED = ["timestamp", "open", "high", "low", "close", "volume"];
     const ONE_MINUTE_MS = 60_000;
 
     function parseCsv(text) {
-      const lines = text.split(/\r?\n/).filter((l) => l.length > 0);
-      if (lines.length === 0) throw new Error("file is empty");
-      const header = lines[0].split(",").map((s) => s.trim());
-      const missing = REQUIRED.filter((c) => !header.includes(c));
-      if (missing.length > 0) {
-        throw new Error(
-          `missing required column(s): ${missing.join(", ")}; found: ${header.join(", ")}`,
-        );
-      }
-      if (lines.length === 1) throw new Error("CSV has a header but no data rows");
-      const idx = {};
-      for (const c of REQUIRED) idx[c] = header.indexOf(c);
+      // Native CandleReader: header validation, BOM/whitespace tolerance. No
+      // manual CSV parsing.
+      const candles = new CandleReader(text).read();
       const cols = { timestamp: [], open: [], high: [], low: [], close: [], volume: [] };
-      for (let i = 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
-        const cells = lines[i].split(",");
-        for (const c of REQUIRED) {
-          const v = Number(cells[idx[c]]);
-          if (!Number.isFinite(v)) {
-            throw new Error(
-              `row ${i + 1} column '${c}' is not numeric: ${JSON.stringify(cells[idx[c]])}`,
-            );
-          }
-          cols[c].push(v);
-        }
+      for (const c of candles) {
+        cols.timestamp.push(c.timestamp);
+        cols.open.push(c.open);
+        cols.high.push(c.high);
+        cols.low.push(c.low);
+        cols.close.push(c.close);
+        cols.volume.push(c.volume);
       }
       return cols;
     }
@@ -88,29 +75,23 @@
     // construction).
     function resample(cols, bucketMs) {
       if (cols.timestamp.length === 0) throw new Error("resample: empty series");
+      // Native Resampler — no hand-written bucketing. update() returns a closed
+      // candle on a bucket boundary; flush() yields the final partial bucket.
+      const r = new Resampler(bucketMs);
       const out = { timestamp: [], open: [], high: [], low: [], close: [], volume: [] };
-      let bucketStart = Math.floor(cols.timestamp[0] / bucketMs) * bucketMs;
-      let o = cols.open[0], h = cols.high[0], l = cols.low[0],
-          c = cols.close[0], v = cols.volume[0];
-      for (let i = 1; i < cols.timestamp.length; i++) {
-        const start = Math.floor(cols.timestamp[i] / bucketMs) * bucketMs;
-        if (start === bucketStart) {
-          if (cols.high[i] > h) h = cols.high[i];
-          if (cols.low[i] < l) l = cols.low[i];
-          c = cols.close[i];
-          v += cols.volume[i];
-        } else {
-          out.timestamp.push(bucketStart);
-          out.open.push(o); out.high.push(h); out.low.push(l);
-          out.close.push(c); out.volume.push(v);
-          bucketStart = start;
-          o = cols.open[i]; h = cols.high[i]; l = cols.low[i];
-          c = cols.close[i]; v = cols.volume[i];
-        }
+      const push = (k) => {
+        out.timestamp.push(k.timestamp);
+        out.open.push(k.open); out.high.push(k.high); out.low.push(k.low);
+        out.close.push(k.close); out.volume.push(k.volume);
+      };
+      for (let i = 0; i < cols.timestamp.length; i++) {
+        const k = r.update(cols.open[i], cols.high[i], cols.low[i],
+          cols.close[i], cols.volume[i], cols.timestamp[i]);
+        if (k !== null) push(k);
       }
-      out.timestamp.push(bucketStart);
-      out.open.push(o); out.high.push(h); out.low.push(l);
-      out.close.push(c); out.volume.push(v);
+      const last = r.flush();
+      if (last !== null) push(last);
+      r.free();
       return out;
     }
 
diff --git a/examples/wasm/strategy_bollinger_squeeze.html b/examples/wasm/strategy_bollinger_squeeze.html
index c61c38af..9085f49c 100644
--- a/examples/wasm/strategy_bollinger_squeeze.html
+++ b/examples/wasm/strategy_bollinger_squeeze.html
@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@
   </p>
 
   <script type="module">
-    import init, { version, installPanicHook, BollingerBands, ATR } from "../../bindings/wasm/pkg/wickra_wasm.js";
+    import init, {
+      CandleReader, version, installPanicHook, BollingerBands, ATR } from "../../bindings/wasm/pkg/wickra_wasm.js";
 
     const FEE = 0.001;
     const BB_PERIOD = 20;
@@ -56,29 +57,19 @@
     const ATR_PERIOD = 14;
     const ATR_STOP_MULT = 2.0;
     const SQUEEZE_LOOKBACK = 180;
-    const REQUIRED = ["timestamp", "open", "high", "low", "close", "volume"];
 
     function parseCsv(text) {
-      const lines = text.split(/\r?\n/).filter((line) => line.length > 0);
-      if (lines.length === 0) throw new Error("file is empty");
-      const header = lines[0].split(",").map((s) => s.trim());
-      const missing = REQUIRED.filter((c) => !header.includes(c));
-      if (missing.length > 0) {
-        throw new Error(`missing required column(s): ${missing.join(", ")}; found: ${header.join(", ")}`);
-      }
-      if (lines.length === 1) throw new Error("CSV has a header but no data rows");
-      const idx = {};
-      for (const c of REQUIRED) idx[c] = header.indexOf(c);
-      const cols = { open: [], high: [], low: [], close: [], volume: [] };
-      for (let i = 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
-        const cells = lines[i].split(",");
-        for (const c of ["open", "high", "low", "close", "volume"]) {
-          const v = Number(cells[idx[c]]);
-          if (!Number.isFinite(v)) {
-            throw new Error(`row ${i + 1} column '${c}' is not numeric: ${JSON.stringify(cells[idx[c]])}`);
-          }
-          cols[c].push(v);
-        }
+      // Native CandleReader: header validation, BOM/whitespace tolerance. No
+      // manual CSV parsing.
+      const candles = new CandleReader(text).read();
+      const cols = { timestamp: [], open: [], high: [], low: [], close: [], volume: [] };
+      for (const c of candles) {
+        cols.timestamp.push(c.timestamp);
+        cols.open.push(c.open);
+        cols.high.push(c.high);
+        cols.low.push(c.low);
+        cols.close.push(c.close);
+        cols.volume.push(c.volume);
       }
       return cols;
     }
diff --git a/examples/wasm/strategy_macd_adx.html b/examples/wasm/strategy_macd_adx.html
index 6abe5d23..390d1a88 100644
--- a/examples/wasm/strategy_macd_adx.html
+++ b/examples/wasm/strategy_macd_adx.html
@@ -47,33 +47,24 @@
   </p>
 
   <script type="module">
-    import init, { version, installPanicHook, MACD, ADX } from "../../bindings/wasm/pkg/wickra_wasm.js";
+    import init, {
+      CandleReader, version, installPanicHook, MACD, ADX } from "../../bindings/wasm/pkg/wickra_wasm.js";
 
     const FEE = 0.001;
     const ADX_FLOOR = 20.0;
-    const REQUIRED = ["timestamp", "open", "high", "low", "close", "volume"];
 
     function parseCsv(text) {
-      const lines = text.split(/\r?\n/).filter((line) => line.length > 0);
-      if (lines.length === 0) throw new Error("file is empty");
-      const header = lines[0].split(",").map((s) => s.trim());
-      const missing = REQUIRED.filter((c) => !header.includes(c));
-      if (missing.length > 0) {
-        throw new Error(`missing required column(s): ${missing.join(", ")}; found: ${header.join(", ")}`);
-      }
-      if (lines.length === 1) throw new Error("CSV has a header but no data rows");
-      const idx = {};
-      for (const c of REQUIRED) idx[c] = header.indexOf(c);
-      const cols = { open: [], high: [], low: [], close: [], volume: [] };
-      for (let i = 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
-        const cells = lines[i].split(",");
-        for (const c of ["open", "high", "low", "close", "volume"]) {
-          const v = Number(cells[idx[c]]);
-          if (!Number.isFinite(v)) {
-            throw new Error(`row ${i + 1} column '${c}' is not numeric: ${JSON.stringify(cells[idx[c]])}`);
-          }
-          cols[c].push(v);
-        }
+      // Native CandleReader: header validation, BOM/whitespace tolerance. No
+      // manual CSV parsing.
+      const candles = new CandleReader(text).read();
+      const cols = { timestamp: [], open: [], high: [], low: [], close: [], volume: [] };
+      for (const c of candles) {
+        cols.timestamp.push(c.timestamp);
+        cols.open.push(c.open);
+        cols.high.push(c.high);
+        cols.low.push(c.low);
+        cols.close.push(c.close);
+        cols.volume.push(c.volume);
       }
       return cols;
     }
diff --git a/examples/wasm/strategy_rsi_mean_reversion.html b/examples/wasm/strategy_rsi_mean_reversion.html
index 305d3e33..f720f9ec 100644
--- a/examples/wasm/strategy_rsi_mean_reversion.html
+++ b/examples/wasm/strategy_rsi_mean_reversion.html
@@ -48,37 +48,28 @@
   </p>
 
   <script type="module">
-    import init, { version, installPanicHook, RSI } from "../../bindings/wasm/pkg/wickra_wasm.js";
+    import init, {
+      CandleReader, version, installPanicHook, RSI } from "../../bindings/wasm/pkg/wickra_wasm.js";
 
     const FEE = 0.001;
     const RSI_PERIOD = 14;
     const OVERSOLD = 30.0;
     const OVERBOUGHT = 70.0;
-    const REQUIRED = ["timestamp", "open", "high", "low", "close", "volume"];
 
     // Plain OHLCV CSV — the Wickra layout never quotes values nor embeds commas,
     // so split-on-comma is a complete parse.
     function parseCsv(text) {
-      const lines = text.split(/\r?\n/).filter((line) => line.length > 0);
-      if (lines.length === 0) throw new Error("file is empty");
-      const header = lines[0].split(",").map((s) => s.trim());
-      const missing = REQUIRED.filter((c) => !header.includes(c));
-      if (missing.length > 0) {
-        throw new Error(`missing required column(s): ${missing.join(", ")}; found: ${header.join(", ")}`);
-      }
-      if (lines.length === 1) throw new Error("CSV has a header but no data rows");
-      const idx = {};
-      for (const c of REQUIRED) idx[c] = header.indexOf(c);
-      const cols = { open: [], high: [], low: [], close: [], volume: [] };
-      for (let i = 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
-        const cells = lines[i].split(",");
-        for (const c of ["open", "high", "low", "close", "volume"]) {
-          const v = Number(cells[idx[c]]);
-          if (!Number.isFinite(v)) {
-            throw new Error(`row ${i + 1} column '${c}' is not numeric: ${JSON.stringify(cells[idx[c]])}`);
-          }
-          cols[c].push(v);
-        }
+      // Native CandleReader: header validation, BOM/whitespace tolerance. No
+      // manual CSV parsing.
+      const candles = new CandleReader(text).read();
+      const cols = { timestamp: [], open: [], high: [], low: [], close: [], volume: [] };
+      for (const c of candles) {
+        cols.timestamp.push(c.timestamp);
+        cols.open.push(c.open);
+        cols.high.push(c.high);
+        cols.low.push(c.low);
+        cols.close.push(c.close);
+        cols.volume.push(c.volume);
       }
       return cols;
     }