//! Async API Parameter Optimization Example
//!
//! This example shows how to use async/parallel optimization to tune
//! configuration parameters for a web service. Each evaluation simulates
//! an async operation (like deploying and load-testing a service).
//!
//! # Key Concepts Demonstrated
//!
//! - Async optimization with `optimize_parallel`
//! - Running multiple trials concurrently for faster optimization
//! - Boolean and categorical parameter types
//! - Measuring speedup from parallelism
//!
//! # When to Use Async Optimization
//!
//! Use async/parallel optimization when your objective function involves:
//! - Network requests (API calls, database queries)
//! - File I/O operations
//! - External service calls
//! - Any operation where you're waiting for I/O rather than computing
//!
//! With parallelism, you can evaluate multiple configurations simultaneously,
//! significantly reducing total optimization time.
//!
//! Run with: `cargo run --example async_api_optimization --features async`

use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

use optimizer::prelude::*;

// ============================================================================
// Configuration: Service parameters we want to tune
// ============================================================================

/// Configuration for a web service.
///
/// In a real application, these parameters would control:
/// - Memory allocation (cache sizes)
/// - Connection management (pool sizes, timeouts)
/// - Request handling (batching, compression)
/// - Protocol options (HTTP version, load balancing)
struct ServiceConfig {
    cache_size_mb: i64,
    connection_pool_size: i64,
    request_timeout_ms: i64,
    retry_count: i64,
    batch_size: i64,
    compression_level: i64,
    use_http2: bool,
    load_balancing: String,
}

// ============================================================================
// Objective Function: Evaluate a service configuration
// ============================================================================

/// Simulates deploying and load-testing a service configuration.
///
/// In a real scenario, this function might:
/// 1. Deploy the configuration to a staging environment
/// 2. Run load tests against the service
/// 3. Collect metrics (latency, throughput, error rate)
/// 4. Return a composite score
///
/// The async sleep simulates the I/O time of these operations.
/// This is where parallel execution helps - while one trial is waiting
/// for I/O, other trials can run.
#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
async fn evaluate_service(config: &ServiceConfig) -> f64 {
    // Simulate async I/O (deployment, load testing, metric collection)
    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;

    // Calculate a score based on how close we are to optimal values
    // Lower score = better configuration
    let mut score = 0.0;

    // Cache size: too small = cache misses, too large = wasted memory
    // Optimal around 512MB
    let cache_optimal = 512.0;
    score += ((config.cache_size_mb as f64 - cache_optimal) / 256.0).powi(2);

    // Connection pool: too small = contention, too large = resource waste
    // Optimal around 100
    let pool_optimal = 100.0;
    score += ((config.connection_pool_size as f64 - pool_optimal) / 50.0).powi(2);

    // Timeout: too short = false failures, too long = slow recovery
    // Optimal around 5000ms
    let timeout_optimal = 5000.0;
    score += ((config.request_timeout_ms as f64 - timeout_optimal) / 2000.0).powi(2);

    // Retries: too few = fragile, too many = amplifies failures
    // Optimal around 3
    let retry_optimal = 3.0;
    score += ((config.retry_count as f64 - retry_optimal) / 2.0).powi(2);

    // Batch size: trade-off between latency and throughput
    // Optimal around 64
    let batch_optimal = 64.0;
    score += ((config.batch_size as f64 - batch_optimal) / 32.0).powi(2);

    // Compression level: trade-off between CPU and bandwidth
    // Optimal around 6
    let compression_optimal = 6.0;
    score += ((config.compression_level as f64 - compression_optimal) / 3.0).powi(2);

    // HTTP/2 is generally better for our use case
    if !config.use_http2 {
        score += 0.5;
    }

    // Load balancing strategy affects performance
    score += match config.load_balancing.as_str() {
        "round_robin" => 0.0,       // Best for our use case
        "least_connections" => 0.1, // Good alternative
        "ip_hash" => 0.2,           // OK for session affinity
        "random" => 0.3,            // Not ideal
        _ => 1.0,
    };

    // Add noise to simulate real-world variability
    let noise = (config.cache_size_mb as f64 * 0.1).sin() * 0.05;

    score + noise
}

/// The async objective function for each trial.
///
/// For async optimization, the objective function must:
/// 1. Take ownership of the Trial (not a mutable reference)
/// 2. Return a Future
/// 3. Return both the Trial and the result value as a tuple
///
/// This ownership pattern allows the trial to be used across await points.
#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
async fn objective(
    mut trial: Trial,
    cache_size_mb_param: &IntParam,
    connection_pool_size_param: &IntParam,
    request_timeout_ms_param: &IntParam,
    retry_count_param: &IntParam,
    batch_size_param: &IntParam,
    compression_level_param: &IntParam,
    use_http2_param: &BoolParam,
    load_balancing_param: &CategoricalParam<&str>,
) -> optimizer::Result<(Trial, f64)> {
    // Sample configuration parameters using parameter definitions
    let cache_size_mb = cache_size_mb_param.suggest(&mut trial)?;
    let connection_pool_size = connection_pool_size_param.suggest(&mut trial)?;
    let request_timeout_ms = request_timeout_ms_param.suggest(&mut trial)?;
    let retry_count = retry_count_param.suggest(&mut trial)?;
    let batch_size = batch_size_param.suggest(&mut trial)?;
    let compression_level = compression_level_param.suggest(&mut trial)?;
    let use_http2 = use_http2_param.suggest(&mut trial)?;
    let load_balancing = load_balancing_param.suggest(&mut trial)?;

    // Build configuration
    let config = ServiceConfig {
        cache_size_mb,
        connection_pool_size,
        request_timeout_ms,
        retry_count,
        batch_size,
        compression_level,
        use_http2,
        load_balancing: load_balancing.to_string(),
    };

    // Evaluate (this is the async part)
    let score = evaluate_service(&config).await;

    // Return both the trial and the score
    Ok((trial, score))
}

// ============================================================================
// Helper Functions
// ============================================================================

/// Prints the results of the optimization.
fn print_results(study: &Study<f64>, elapsed: Duration, n_trials: usize) {
    println!("\n{}", "=".repeat(60));
    println!("\nOptimization completed!");
    println!("Total trials: {}", study.n_trials());
    println!("Time elapsed: {elapsed:.2?}");

    // Calculate speedup from parallelism
    // Each trial takes ~50ms, so sequential would take n_trials * 50ms
    let sequential_time = n_trials as f64 * 0.050;
    let actual_time = elapsed.as_secs_f64();
    println!(
        "Effective parallelism: {:.1}x speedup",
        sequential_time / actual_time
    );
}

/// Prints the best configuration found.
#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
fn print_best_config(
    study: &Study<f64>,
    cache_size_mb_param: &IntParam,
    connection_pool_size_param: &IntParam,
    request_timeout_ms_param: &IntParam,
    retry_count_param: &IntParam,
    batch_size_param: &IntParam,
    compression_level_param: &IntParam,
    use_http2_param: &BoolParam,
    load_balancing_param: &CategoricalParam<&str>,
) -> optimizer::Result<()> {
    let best = study.best_trial()?;

    println!("\nBest configuration found:");
    println!("  Score: {:.6}", best.value);
    println!("\n  Parameters:");
    println!(
        "    cache_size_mb: {}",
        best.get(cache_size_mb_param).unwrap()
    );
    println!(
        "    connection_pool_size: {}",
        best.get(connection_pool_size_param).unwrap()
    );
    println!(
        "    request_timeout_ms: {}",
        best.get(request_timeout_ms_param).unwrap()
    );
    println!("    retry_count: {}", best.get(retry_count_param).unwrap());
    println!("    batch_size: {}", best.get(batch_size_param).unwrap());
    println!(
        "    compression_level: {}",
        best.get(compression_level_param).unwrap()
    );
    println!("    use_http2: {}", best.get(use_http2_param).unwrap());
    println!(
        "    load_balancing: {}",
        best.get(load_balancing_param).unwrap()
    );

    Ok(())
}

/// Prints the top N trials.
fn print_top_trials(study: &Study<f64>, n: usize) {
    println!("\nTop {n} trials:");

    let mut trials = study.trials();
    trials.sort_by(|a, b| a.value.partial_cmp(&b.value).unwrap());

    for (i, trial) in trials.iter().take(n).enumerate() {
        println!(
            "  {}. Trial #{}: score = {:.6}",
            i + 1,
            trial.id,
            trial.value
        );
    }
}

// ============================================================================
// Main: Set up and run the async optimization
// ============================================================================

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> optimizer::Result<()> {
    println!("=== Async API Parameter Optimization Example ===\n");

    // Step 1: Create a TPE sampler
    let sampler = TpeSampler::builder()
        .n_startup_trials(8)
        .gamma(0.2)
        .seed(123)
        .build()
        .expect("Failed to build TPE sampler");

    // Step 2: Create a study to minimize the score
    let study: Study<f64> = Study::with_sampler(Direction::Minimize, sampler);

    // Step 3: Define parameter search spaces
    let cache_size_mb_param = IntParam::new(64, 1024).name("cache_size_mb").step(64);
    let connection_pool_size_param = IntParam::new(10, 200).name("connection_pool_size").step(10);
    let request_timeout_ms_param = IntParam::new(1000, 10000)
        .name("request_timeout_ms")
        .step(500);
    let retry_count_param = IntParam::new(0, 5).name("retry_count");
    let batch_size_param = IntParam::new(1, 256).name("batch_size").log_scale();
    let compression_level_param = IntParam::new(0, 9).name("compression_level");
    let use_http2_param = BoolParam::new().name("use_http2");
    let load_balancing_param = CategoricalParam::new(vec![
        "round_robin",
        "least_connections",
        "random",
        "ip_hash",
    ])
    .name("load_balancing");

    // Clone params for use after the closure moves them
    let cache_size_mb_p = cache_size_mb_param.clone();
    let connection_pool_size_p = connection_pool_size_param.clone();
    let request_timeout_ms_p = request_timeout_ms_param.clone();
    let retry_count_p = retry_count_param.clone();
    let batch_size_p = batch_size_param.clone();
    let compression_level_p = compression_level_param.clone();
    let use_http2_p = use_http2_param.clone();
    let load_balancing_p = load_balancing_param.clone();

    // Step 4: Configure optimization
    let n_trials = 40;
    let concurrency = 4; // Run 4 trials in parallel

    println!("Starting parallel optimization with {concurrency} concurrent evaluations...\n");

    let start = Instant::now();

    // Step 5: Run parallel async optimization
    //
    // optimize_parallel:
    // - Runs up to `concurrency` trials simultaneously
    // - Each trial calls the objective function
    // - Uses a semaphore to limit concurrent evaluations
    // - Collects results as trials complete
    //
    // The sampler gets access to trial history for informed sampling.
    study
        .optimize_parallel(n_trials, concurrency, move |trial| {
            let cache_size_mb_param = cache_size_mb_param.clone();
            let connection_pool_size_param = connection_pool_size_param.clone();
            let request_timeout_ms_param = request_timeout_ms_param.clone();
            let retry_count_param = retry_count_param.clone();
            let batch_size_param = batch_size_param.clone();
            let compression_level_param = compression_level_param.clone();
            let use_http2_param = use_http2_param.clone();
            let load_balancing_param = load_balancing_param.clone();
            async move {
                objective(
                    trial,
                    &cache_size_mb_param,
                    &connection_pool_size_param,
                    &request_timeout_ms_param,
                    &retry_count_param,
                    &batch_size_param,
                    &compression_level_param,
                    &use_http2_param,
                    &load_balancing_param,
                )
                .await
            }
        })
        .await?;

    let elapsed = start.elapsed();

    // Step 5: Print results
    print_results(&study, elapsed, n_trials);
    print_best_config(
        &study,
        &cache_size_mb_p,
        &connection_pool_size_p,
        &request_timeout_ms_p,
        &retry_count_p,
        &batch_size_p,
        &compression_level_p,
        &use_http2_p,
        &load_balancing_p,
    )?;
    print_top_trials(&study, 5);

    Ok(())
}