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\chapter{AMER:美国 RIA、商品池与加拿大 IFM}
\section{美国:投资顾问注册}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node[compliance=teal, minimum width=4.2cm] (adv) {Form ADV\\IARD 电子申报};
\node[compliance=blue, right=2.2cm of adv, minimum width=4.2cm] (sec) {SEC 或州监管\\视 AUM 与规则 203A-1};
\path (adv) -- node[coordinate, midway] (midadvsec) {} (sec);
\node[compliance=green!50!black, below=1.5cm of midadvsec, minimum width=8cm] (pf) {私募基金管理人:Schedule A/B 等披露\\对冲基金顾问额外信息(历史规则演进,以现行表格为准)};
\draw[compliance arrow] (adv) -- (sec) node[midway, above, font=\scriptsize] {注册/审查};
\draw[compliance arrow] (adv.south) -- ++(0,-0.35) -| (pf.north);
\draw[compliance arrow] (sec.south) -- ++(0,-0.35) -| (pf.north);
\node[font=\scriptsize, text width=9cm, align=center, below=0.35cm of pf]
{持续义务:账簿记录、宣传材料、合规政策、年检与修正案等。};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{美国投资顾问注册与私募披露关系(概念图)}
\label{fig:us-ria}
\end{figure}
\textbf{要点:} 管理外部客户资产(含多数对冲基金架构)通常须注册为 \textbf{Investment Adviser}\textbf{仅管理自有资产}或符合 \textbf{Exempt Reporting Adviser} 等情形可能减轻部分披露,但不等于无监管。\textbf{CFTC/NFA} 策略以期货、商品池为主时可能需另行注册。
官方入口示例:\url{https://www.sec.gov/divisions/investment/iaregulation/regia.htm}AUM 门槛与联邦/州切换见 \textbf{17 CFR §275.203A-1} 等(以现行有效文本为准)。
\section{加拿大:NI 31-103}
\textbf{National Instrument 31-103} 协调各省证券监管,涵盖投资交易商、顾问、\textbf{Portfolio Manager}\textbf{Investment Fund Manager} 等类别。新设基金管理人通常须在开展业务前完成相应注册或确认豁免适用。各省证监会网站提供非官方汇编与政策更新。
示例索引:\url{https://www.osc.ca/en/securities-law/instruments-rules-policies/3/31-103/unofficial-consolidation-national-instrument-31-103-registration-requirements-exemptions-and}
\section{拉丁美洲(摘要)}
\textbf{巴西 CVM} 各类 \textbf{Fundo de Investimento} 须按类型注册并遵守治理与披露。\textbf{墨西哥} 等对基金与另类载体另有规定。\textbf{结论:} 拉美须\textbf{国别附录},不可与美国 RIA 路径混为一谈。