release: v0.18.0

python/manifoldbt/__init__.py

@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@ from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
 import importlib as _importlib
 
+# Avant TOUT chargement du module natif: la roue GPU charge NVRTC par son nom
+# et ne le trouverait pas dans site-packages/nvidia/. Sans effet cote CPU.
+from manifoldbt import _cuda_libs as _cuda_libs
+
+_cuda_libs.rendre_visible()
+
 from manifoldbt._native import (
     BacktestResult,
     BatchResultLite,
@@ -189,6 +195,14 @@ def _require_pro_over_combos(n_combos: int, what: str) -> None:
     )
 
 
+#: Distances de bracket balayables par leur nom, en plus des ``param()``
+#: d'expression. Elles ne passent pas par ``param()`` parce qu'une distance de
+#: bracket est un champ de configuration, pas un noeud d'expression : rien ne
+#: l'evalue. Doit rester aligne sur ``ORDER_SWEEP_PARAMS`` (bt-core,
+#: orchestrator.rs), qui fait la substitution par combinaison.
+_ORDER_SWEEP_PARAMS = frozenset({"stop_loss", "take_profit", "trailing_stop"})
+
+
 def _validate_swept_params(strategy: "Strategy", names, what: str) -> None:
     """Reject swept parameter names the strategy never declares.
 
@@ -203,10 +217,10 @@ def _validate_swept_params(strategy: "Strategy", names, what: str) -> None:
     merges both into ``parameters`` (and is memoised, so this costs nothing).
     """
     declared = set(strategy.to_json_dict().get("parameters") or {})
-    unknown = [n for n in names if n not in declared]
+    unknown = [n for n in names if n not in declared and n not in _ORDER_SWEEP_PARAMS]
     if not unknown:
         return
-    known = ", ".join(sorted(declared)) if declared else "none"
+    known = ", ".join(sorted(declared | _ORDER_SWEEP_PARAMS))
     raise StrategyError(
         f"{what}: parameter(s) {unknown} are not declared by strategy "
         f"'{strategy.name}' (declared: {known}). Sweeping them would run the "
@@ -1173,17 +1187,42 @@ def run_walk_forward(
     Args:
         strategy: Strategy definition.
         wf_config: Walk-forward config dict with keys:
-            method (str): "Anchored" or "Rolling"
-            n_splits (int): Number of folds.
-            train_ratio (float): Fraction for training (0, 1).
+            geometry (str): "anchored" (default), "blocked", "pardo" or
+                "custom".
+                - "anchored"/"blocked" take ``n_splits`` + ``train_ratio``.
+                - "pardo"/"custom" take ``train``/``test`` window specs; the
+                  fold count is DERIVED from the window lengths, never chosen.
+            n_splits (int): Number of folds (anchored/blocked only).
+            train_ratio (float): Training fraction in (0, 1) (anchored/blocked).
+            train (dict): pardo: ``{"length": Interval.days(365)}`` (fixed
+                sliding window W). custom: ``{"mode": "anchored", "min_length":
+                ...}`` or ``{"mode": "rolling", "length": ...}``. Every
+                duration also accepts a ``*_bars`` twin (signal bars).
+            test (dict): ``{"length": Interval.days(90), "step":
+                Interval.days(30)}``. ``step`` defaults to ``length`` (tests
+                tile end to end, the only shape whose OOS segments chain into
+                one tradable curve); ``step < length`` = overlapping windows,
+                flagged by ``folds_overlap``; ``step > length`` is refused.
             optimize_metric (str): e.g. "sharpe", "sortino".
             param_grid (dict): Parameter grid for optimization.
             max_parallelism (int): Max threads.
+            device (str): "auto" (default), "cpu" or "cuda".
         config: Backtest configuration.
         store: Data store.
 
     Returns:
-        Dict with ``folds`` and ``best_params_per_fold``.
+        Dict with ``folds``, ``best_params_per_fold``, ``n_folds``,
+        ``folds_overlap``, ``effective_folds`` (independent folds: overlapping
+        windows count for less) and ``walk_forward_efficiency`` (Pardo's WFE,
+        mean of per-fold ``oos.cagr / is.cagr``).
+
+    Each fold's OOS run is WARMED UP: it simulates from the fold's train start
+    with trading suppressed until the test window, so indicators are hot at
+    the boundary instead of restarting empty.
+
+    Note: the legacy ``method="Rolling"`` was renamed ``geometry="blocked"``
+    (independent blocks separated by gaps, not Pardo's rolling); for Pardo's
+    walk-forward use ``geometry="pardo"``.
     """
     # Pro gate (friendly message + clean exit). Real enforcement lives natively
     # in `py_run_walk_forward` (check_feature("walk_forward")), so this cannot be
@@ -1511,7 +1550,11 @@ def register_exo(
 
     if provider:
         # Unified layout: {root}/{provider}/{timeframe}/{name}.arrow
-        target_dir = root / provider / timeframe
+        # Minuscules obligatoires: les deux ecrivains Rust (ingest.rs) et les
+        # deux lecteurs creent ce dossier en minuscules. Ecrire "BINANCE" ici
+        # produisait un second dossier, invisible aux lecteurs sur un systeme
+        # de fichiers sensible a la casse.
+        target_dir = root / provider.lower() / timeframe
     else:
         # Legacy layout: {root}/exo/{name}.arrow
         target_dir = root / "exo"

python/manifoldbt/_cuda_libs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+"""Rendre visibles les bibliotheques CUDA installees par pip.
+
+L'extra ``manifoldbt[gpu]`` installe ``nvidia-cuda-nvrtc-cu12``, qui depose
+``libnvrtc.so.12`` / ``nvrtc64_120_0.dll`` dans ``site-packages/nvidia/``.
+Ce dossier n'est ni dans le ``PATH`` (Windows) ni dans le chemin de recherche du
+chargeur dynamique (Linux). Le coeur Rust charge NVRTC par son NOM, via
+``libloading``, donc sans ce coup de pouce il ne trouve rien et le chemin GPU
+echoue alors que la bibliotheque est bel et bien installee.
+
+C'est le meme probleme que PyTorch resout a son import, et par les memes moyens:
+``os.add_dll_directory`` sous Windows, un pre-chargement ``RTLD_GLOBAL`` sous
+Linux (une bibliotheque deja chargee sous son SONAME satisfait un ``dlopen``
+ulterieur qui la demande par ce nom).
+
+Sans effet quand l'extra n'est pas installe, ou sur une roue sans CUDA (macOS,
+ARM, musl): les dossiers n'existent pas, tout est ignore. Aucune exception ne
+remonte, un echec ici ne doit jamais empecher un import.
+"""
+import os
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+# Sous-dossiers de site-packages/nvidia/ qui portent des bibliotheques utiles au
+# moteur. NVRTC compile les noyaux au runtime; le pilote lui-meme (libcuda) vient
+# de l'installation systeme, jamais de pip.
+_COMPOSANTS = ("cuda_nvrtc", "cuda_runtime")
+
+_fait = False
+
+
+def _dossiers_candidats():
+    """Les dossiers de bibliotheques des paquets nvidia-*, s'ils existent."""
+    vus = set()
+    for base in sys.path:
+        if not base:
+            continue
+        racine = Path(base) / "nvidia"
+        if racine in vus or not racine.is_dir():
+            continue
+        vus.add(racine)
+        for composant in _COMPOSANTS:
+            for feuille in ("bin", "lib"):
+                d = racine / composant / feuille
+                if d.is_dir():
+                    yield d
+
+
+def rendre_visible():
+    """Idempotent, silencieux, sans effet quand aucune lib pip n'est presente."""
+    global _fait
+    if _fait:
+        return
+    _fait = True
+
+    for d in _dossiers_candidats():
+        try:
+            if sys.platform == "win32":
+                # add_dll_directory n'agit que sur les chargements ulterieurs,
+                # d'ou l'appel a l'import et non au premier usage du GPU.
+                os.add_dll_directory(str(d))
+            else:
+                import ctypes
+
+                for lib in sorted(d.glob("libnvrtc.so*")):
+                    ctypes.CDLL(str(lib), mode=ctypes.RTLD_GLOBAL)
+                    break
+        except Exception:
+            # Un dossier illisible, une DLL incompatible, une plateforme
+            # exotique: rien de tout cela ne justifie de casser l'import du
+            # paquet. Le chemin GPU rendra une erreur claire s'il ne trouve
+            # pas sa bibliotheque.
+            continue

python/manifoldbt/_reprs.py

@@ -81,10 +81,17 @@ class WalkForwardResult(dict):
 
         is_v = [_m(f, "is_metrics") for f in folds]
         oos_v = [_m(f, "oos_metrics") for f in folds]
-        lines = [
-            f"<WalkForwardResult: {len(folds)} folds | metric {metric!r} | "
-            f"IS {_span(is_v)} | OOS {_span(oos_v)}"
-        ]
+        entete = (f"<WalkForwardResult: {len(folds)} folds | metric {metric!r} | "
+                  f"IS {_span(is_v)} | OOS {_span(oos_v)}")
+        # Recouvrement : n plis recouvrants n'apportent pas n verdicts. Le
+        # nombre effectif est la seule lecture honnete, on l'affiche d'office.
+        eff = self.get("effective_folds")
+        if self.get("folds_overlap") and eff:
+            entete += f" | {eff:g} effective (overlapping tests)"
+        wfe = self.get("walk_forward_efficiency")
+        if wfe is not None:
+            entete += f" | WFE {wfe:.2f}"
+        lines = [entete]
         for f in folds:
             best = f.get("best_params") or {}
             flat = {k: (list(v.values())[0] if isinstance(v, dict) else v)

python/manifoldbt/plot/research.py

@@ -672,78 +672,155 @@ def _walk_forward_bars(wf_result, folds, *, is_color, oos_color, title, figsize,
 def _walk_forward_stitched(wf_result, folds, *, full_result=None, is_color, oos_color, title, figsize, show, save):
     """Stitched OOS equity vs full backtest.
 
-    - Orange: OOS segments from each fold, chained end-to-end.
-      This is the TRUE out-of-sample performance of the WFO strategy.
-    - Blue: full backtest with default params over the same period (no WFO).
-
-    If orange ~ blue: no overfitting, WFO adds little.
-    If blue >> orange: full backtest is overfitted.
-    If orange >> blue: WFO optimization adds real value.
+    - Orange: OOS segments from each fold. When the test windows tile the
+      calendar end to end (anchored, pardo), segments are chained into ONE
+      curve: each one is rescaled to start at the previous segment's final
+      value, which is exactly return composition -- the account of someone
+      trading each fold's re-optimized winner in sequence. That chained curve
+      is the true out-of-sample performance of the WFO *policy*.
+    - When the test windows overlap (custom, step < length) or leave gaps
+      between them (blocked), two calendars cannot be traded at once and no
+      single account curve exists. Segments are then drawn separately, on
+      their own dates, and never chained: a single curve here would be a lie.
+    - Blue: full backtest with default params, restricted to the dates the
+      OOS windows actually cover. Comparing against the full period would
+      overlay months of compounding the OOS curve never had.
     """
     with theme_context():
         fig = new_figure(figsize)
 
-        # 1. Stitch OOS segments: chain so each starts where previous ended
-        stitched = []
-        current_val = None
-        fold_boundaries = []
-        for fold in folds:
-            oos_eq = fold.get("oos_equity", [])
-            if not oos_eq:
-                continue
-            oos = np.array(oos_eq, dtype=float)
-            if current_val is None:
-                stitched.extend(oos.tolist())
-                current_val = oos[-1]
-            else:
-                scale = current_val / oos[0] if oos[0] != 0 else 1.0
-                scaled = oos * scale
-                stitched.extend(scaled.tolist())
-                current_val = scaled[-1]
-            fold_boundaries.append(len(stitched))
+        # Segment geometry decides everything: chain only when the test
+        # windows tile the calendar without overlap or gap. The ranges come
+        # from one derivation in Rust, so exact equality is the right test.
+        ranges = [f.get("test_range") or {} for f in folds]
+        starts = [r.get("start") for r in ranges]
+        ends = [r.get("end") for r in ranges]
+        contiguous = (
+            all(v is not None for v in starts + ends)
+            and all(starts[i + 1] == ends[i] for i in range(len(folds) - 1))
+            and not wf_result.get("folds_overlap", False)
+        )
 
-        if not stitched:
+        def _seg(fold):
+            eq = np.asarray(fold.get("oos_equity", []), dtype=float)
+            ts = np.asarray(fold.get("oos_timestamps", []), dtype="int64")
+            if len(ts) == len(eq) and len(ts) > 0:
+                return eq, ts.view("datetime64[ns]")
+            return eq, None
+
+        segments = [_seg(f) for f in folds]
+        segments = [(eq, d) for eq, d in segments if len(eq) > 0]
+        if not segments:
             fig.update_layout(title_text="No OOS equity data available")
             return finalize(fig, show=show, save=save)
+        has_dates = all(d is not None for _, d in segments)
 
-        stitched = np.array(stitched)
-        x = np.arange(len(stitched))
+        if contiguous:
+            # Chain: rescaling each segment to the previous final value IS
+            # return composition, valid because the windows are consecutive.
+            morceaux_eq, morceaux_dates = [], []
+            current_val = None
+            for eq, d in segments:
+                if current_val is None:
+                    scaled = eq
+                else:
+                    scaled = eq * (current_val / eq[0]) if eq[0] != 0 else eq
+                morceaux_eq.append(scaled)
+                if has_dates:
+                    morceaux_dates.append(d)
+                current_val = scaled[-1]
 
-        # 2. Full backtest equity (if provided)
-        if full_result is not None:
-            full_eq = np.array(full_result.equity_curve)
-            if len(full_eq) > 0:
-                indices = np.linspace(0, len(full_eq) - 1, len(stitched), dtype=int)
-                full_resampled = full_eq[indices].astype(float)
-                if full_resampled[0] != 0:
-                    full_resampled = full_resampled * (stitched[0] / full_resampled[0])
+            stitched = np.concatenate(morceaux_eq)
+            # Rester en numpy : `datetime64[ns].tolist()` rend des ENTIERS
+            # nanosecondes, pas des dates, et l'axe redeviendrait numerique.
+            x = (np.concatenate(morceaux_dates) if has_dates
+                 else np.arange(len(stitched)))
+            fins = np.cumsum([len(e) for e in morceaux_eq]) - 1
+            boundaries = [x[i] for i in fins]
+
+            _overlay_full_backtest(fig, full_result, x, stitched,
+                                   has_dates=has_dates, color=is_color)
+            fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
+                x=x, y=stitched, mode="lines",
+                name="Walk-forward (stitched OOS)",
+                line=dict(color=oos_color, width=1.0), opacity=0.85,
+            ))
+            for b in boundaries[:-1]:
+                fig.add_vline(x=b, line_color=DARK_GRAY, line_width=0.5,
+                              line_dash="dash", opacity=0.3)
+            titre = title or "Walk-Forward: Stitched OOS vs Full Backtest"
+        else:
+            # Overlapping or gapped test windows: no single tradable account
+            # exists, draw each fold on its own dates instead of pretending.
+            raison = ("overlapping test windows"
+                      if wf_result.get("folds_overlap", False)
+                      else "gaps between test windows")
+            for i, (eq, d) in enumerate(segments):
+                x = d if d is not None else np.arange(len(eq))
                 fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
-                    x=x, y=full_resampled, mode="lines",
-                    name="Full backtest (default params)",
-                    line=dict(color=is_color, width=0.8), opacity=0.4,
+                    x=x, y=eq, mode="lines",
+                    name=f"Fold {i + 1} OOS",
+                    line=dict(width=1.0), opacity=0.8,
                 ))
-
-        # 3. Plot stitched OOS on top
-        fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
-            x=x, y=stitched, mode="lines",
-            name="Walk-forward (stitched OOS)",
-            line=dict(color=oos_color, width=1.0), opacity=0.85,
-        ))
-
-        # Fold boundaries
-        for b in fold_boundaries[:-1]:
-            fig.add_vline(x=b, line_color=DARK_GRAY, line_width=0.5,
-                          line_dash="dash", opacity=0.3)
+            fig.add_annotation(
+                x=0.5, y=1.06, xref="paper", yref="paper", showarrow=False,
+                text=f"segments not chained: {raison}",
+                font=dict(size=10, color=DARK_GRAY),
+            )
+            titre = title or "Walk-Forward: OOS Segments (not tradable as one curve)"
 
         fig.update_layout(
-            title_text=title or "Walk-Forward: Stitched OOS vs Full Backtest",
+            title_text=titre,
             legend=dict(x=0.01, y=0.99),
         )
-        fig.update_xaxes(title_text="Bars")
+        fig.update_xaxes(title_text="Date" if has_dates else "Bars")
         fig.update_yaxes(title_text="Equity")
         return finalize(fig, show=show, save=save)
 
 
+def _overlay_full_backtest(fig, full_result, x, stitched, *, has_dates, color):
+    """Full-backtest baseline, restricted to the dates the OOS curve covers.
+
+    The previous version resampled the FULL period onto the OOS length with
+    ``np.linspace``: it overlaid a year of compounding on a few months of
+    out-of-sample and the baseline crushed the OOS curve for purely
+    mechanical reasons. Date alignment is the only honest comparison, so
+    without dates on both sides nothing is drawn.
+    """
+    if full_result is None:
+        return
+    if not has_dates:
+        import warnings
+        warnings.warn(
+            "walk_forward stitched: full_result ignored (the walk-forward "
+            "result carries no oos_timestamps; re-run it to get dated folds)",
+            stacklevel=3)
+        return
+    try:
+        full_dates, full_eq = equity_with_dates(full_result)
+    except Exception:
+        import warnings
+        warnings.warn(
+            "walk_forward stitched: full_result ignored (no positions table "
+            "to date its equity curve)", stacklevel=3)
+        return
+    if len(full_eq) == 0:
+        return
+    mask = (full_dates >= x[0]) & (full_dates <= x[-1])
+    if not mask.any():
+        return
+    fen_dates, fen_eq = full_dates[mask], full_eq[mask].astype(float)
+    # Meme point de depart que la courbe OOS : on compare des trajectoires,
+    # pas des niveaux absolus.
+    if fen_eq[0] != 0:
+        fen_eq = fen_eq * (stitched[0] / fen_eq[0])
+    fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
+        x=fen_dates, y=fen_eq, mode="lines",
+        name="Full backtest (default params, same window)",
+        line=dict(color=color, width=0.8), opacity=0.4,
+    ))
+
+
 # ── Parameter Stability ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 

python/tests/test_sweep_validation.py

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def test_sweep_rejects_undeclared_param():
 
 def test_walk_forward_rejects_undeclared_param():
     wf = {
-        "method": "Rolling", "n_splits": 2, "train_ratio": 0.7,
+        "geometry": "blocked", "n_splits": 2, "train_ratio": 0.7,
         "optimize_metric": "sharpe", "param_grid": {"fast": [10, 20]},
     }
     with pytest.raises((StrategyError, bt.LicenseError)) as exc:

python/tests/test_walk_forward_exo.py

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+"""Le walk-forward doit accepter les series EXOGENES, comme tous les autres
+chemins du moteur.
+
+Il chargeait ses colonnes exo pour les deux runs qui tracent les courbes
+d'equite, mais appelait le moteur avec des tables VIDES pour la selection du
+reglage. Une branche sur trois etait oubliee, et c'etait celle qui decide :
+toute strategie lisant `exo.<nom>.<colonne>` echouait sur "unknown input
+column" alors que la meme strategie tourne dans `run`, `run_sweep_lite` et
+`run_batch_lite`.
+
+Le second test verifie le point qui rend la correction sure : la selection lit
+desormais des colonnes DECOUPEES une fois pour toutes, la ou les courbes les
+rechargent par fenetre. Les deux chemins doivent rendre la meme metrique
+d'in-sample pour le reglage retenu, sinon le decoupage est faux.
+"""
+import os
+
+import pytest
+
+import manifoldbt as bt
+
+pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")
+np = pytest.importorskip("numpy")
+
+
+def _monte(tmp_path):
+    """Une serie horaire regulière, plus une moyenne posee en serie exogene."""
+    n = 2400
+    idx = pd.date_range("2021-01-01", periods=n, freq="1h", tz="UTC", name="timestamp")
+    pas = np.sin(np.arange(n) / 37.0) * 2.0 + np.cos(np.arange(n) / 11.0)
+    px = 100.0 + np.cumsum(pas) * 0.05
+    df = pd.DataFrame({"open": px, "high": px * 1.004, "low": px * 0.996,
+                       "close": px, "volume": np.full(n, 1000.0)}, index=idx)
+    racine = str(tmp_path / "data")
+    meta = str(tmp_path / "meta.sqlite")
+    os.makedirs(racine, exist_ok=True)
+    store = bt.import_dataframe(df.reset_index(), symbol="ZEXO", symbol_id=1,
+                                interval="1h", asset_class="equity",
+                                exchange="TEST", data_root=racine, metadata_db=meta)
+    moy = pd.Series(px).rolling(24).mean().to_numpy()
+    bt.register_exo("moyenne", pd.DataFrame({"timestamp": idx, "sma": moy}),
+                    store=store, data_root=racine, timeframe="1h")
+    # la plage doit coller aux donnees : 2400 heures = 100 jours
+    tr0, tr1 = bt.time_range("2021-01-01", "2021-04-11")
+    cfg = bt.BacktestConfig(universe=[1], time_range_start=tr0, time_range_end=tr1,
+                            initial_capital=1000.0, provider="TEST",
+                            bar_interval=bt.Interval.hours(1), symbol_names={"ZEXO": 1})
+    cfg.warmup_bars = 0
+    cfg.exo_data = ["moyenne"]
+    return store, cfg
+
+
+def _strategie():
+    from manifoldbt.indicators import close, col
+    m = col("exo.moyenne.sma")
+    bande = m * (bt.lit(1.0) - bt.param("dev"))
+    return (bt.Strategy.create("s")
+            .signal("aux", bande)
+            .size(bt.when(close < bande, 1.0, bt.when(close > m, 0.0, bt.hold()))))
+
+
+WF = {"method": "Anchored", "n_splits": 3, "train_ratio": 0.5,
+      "optimize_metric": "sharpe",
+      "param_grid": {"dev": [0.002, 0.005, 0.01]}}
+
+
+def test_walk_forward_accepte_une_serie_exogene(tmp_path):
+    store, cfg = _monte(tmp_path)
+    r = bt.run_walk_forward(_strategie(), WF, cfg, store)
+    assert len(r["folds"]) == 3
+    # chaque pli doit avoir EVALUE la grille, pas l'avoir sautee
+    for f in r["folds"]:
+        assert len(f["all_is_results"]) == 3, "la grille n'a pas ete evaluee"
+
+
+def test_selection_et_courbes_voient_les_memes_colonnes(tmp_path):
+    """La selection tranche les colonnes une fois, les courbes les rechargent
+    par fenetre : le meme reglage doit donner le meme in-sample des deux cotes."""
+    store, cfg = _monte(tmp_path)
+    r = bt.run_walk_forward(_strategie(), WF, cfg, store)
+    for f in r["folds"]:
+        meilleur = max(f["all_is_results"],
+                       key=lambda x: x["metrics"].get("sharpe", float("-inf")))
+        a = meilleur["metrics"]["sharpe"]
+        b = f["is_metrics"]["sharpe"]
+        assert a == b, "selection {} contre courbe {} au pli {}".format(
+            a, b, f["fold_index"])

python/tests/test_walk_forward_geometry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+"""Geometrie du walk-forward et chauffe hors echantillon.
+
+Trois contrats poses par la refonte :
+
+1. Le run OOS est CHAUFFE : il simule depuis le debut de l'apprentissage du
+   pli et ne trade qu'a partir du test. Le test le prouve avec un SMA plus
+   long que la fenetre de test : a froid l'indicateur resterait nul sur toute
+   la fenetre et l'equity serait PLATE ; chauffe, il est disponible des la
+   premiere barre tradable.
+
+2. Les geometries `pardo` et `custom` derivent le nombre de plis des
+   longueurs de fenetres, et `custom` sait exprimer des tests recouvrants --
+   signales par `folds_overlap` et repondus par `effective_folds`.
+
+3. `method="Rolling"` est refuse avec un message qui nomme le remplacant :
+   ce mode faisait des blocs disjoints, pas le rolling de Pardo.
+"""
+import os
+
+import pytest
+
+import manifoldbt as bt
+
+pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")
+np = pytest.importorskip("numpy")
+
+JOUR_NS = 86_400 * 1_000_000_000
+
+
+def _monte(tmp_path):
+    """100 jours de barres horaires, prix cyclique pour garantir des trades."""
+    n = 2400
+    idx = pd.date_range("2021-01-01", periods=n, freq="1h", tz="UTC", name="timestamp")
+    pas = np.sin(np.arange(n) / 37.0) * 2.0 + np.cos(np.arange(n) / 11.0)
+    px = 100.0 + np.cumsum(pas) * 0.05
+    df = pd.DataFrame({"open": px, "high": px * 1.004, "low": px * 0.996,
+                       "close": px, "volume": np.full(n, 1000.0)}, index=idx)
+    racine = str(tmp_path / "data")
+    meta = str(tmp_path / "meta.sqlite")
+    os.makedirs(racine, exist_ok=True)
+    store = bt.import_dataframe(df.reset_index(), symbol="ZWFG", symbol_id=1,
+                                interval="1h", asset_class="equity",
+                                exchange="TEST", data_root=racine, metadata_db=meta)
+    tr0, tr1 = bt.time_range("2021-01-01", "2021-04-11")
+    cfg = bt.BacktestConfig(universe=[1], time_range_start=tr0, time_range_end=tr1,
+                            initial_capital=1000.0, provider="TEST",
+                            bar_interval=bt.Interval.hours(1), symbol_names={"ZWFG": 1})
+    cfg.warmup_bars = 0
+    return store, cfg
+
+
+def _strategie_sma_long():
+    """SMA plus long (400 barres) que toute fenetre de test des tests ci-dessous."""
+    from manifoldbt.indicators import close, sma
+    m = sma(close, 400) * (bt.lit(1.0) + bt.param("dev") * 0.0)
+    return (bt.Strategy.create("s")
+            .signal("m", m)
+            .size(bt.when(close > m, 1.0, 0.0)))
+
+
+def test_oos_est_chauffe_l_indicateur_est_disponible(tmp_path):
+    store, cfg = _monte(tmp_path)
+    wf = {"geometry": "anchored", "n_splits": 2, "train_ratio": 0.8,
+          "optimize_metric": "sharpe", "param_grid": {"dev": [0.0, 1.0]}}
+    r = bt.run_walk_forward(_strategie_sma_long(), wf, cfg, store)
+    assert r["n_folds"] == 2
+    for f in r["folds"]:
+        eq = f["oos_equity"]
+        ts = f["oos_timestamps"]
+        # la courbe rendue couvre les seules barres du test, chauffe exclue
+        assert len(eq) == len(ts) > 0
+        assert ts[0] >= f["test_range"]["start"]
+        assert ts[-1] < f["test_range"]["end"]
+        # fenetre de test = 10 jours = 240 barres < SMA(400) : a froid,
+        # l'indicateur serait nul sur TOUTE la fenetre et l'equity plate.
+        assert len(eq) <= 400, "le test doit etre plus court que le SMA"
+        assert max(eq) != min(eq), (
+            "equity OOS plate : l'indicateur n'a pas ete chauffe")
+
+
+def test_pardo_derive_le_nombre_de_plis(tmp_path):
+    store, cfg = _monte(tmp_path)
+    wf = {"geometry": "pardo",
+          "train": {"length": {"Days": 50}},
+          "test": {"length": {"Days": 10}},
+          "optimize_metric": "sharpe", "param_grid": {"dev": [0.0]}}
+    r = bt.run_walk_forward(_strategie_sma_long(), wf, cfg, store)
+    # 100 jours : premier test a j50, puis 5 fenetres de 10 jours
+    assert r["n_folds"] == 5
+    assert r["folds_overlap"] is False
+    assert r["effective_folds"] == 5.0
+    for f in r["folds"]:
+        tr, te = f["train_range"], f["test_range"]
+        assert te["start"] - tr["start"] == 50 * JOUR_NS
+        assert te["end"] - te["start"] == 10 * JOUR_NS
+
+
+def test_custom_recouvrant_expose_les_plis_effectifs(tmp_path):
+    store, cfg = _monte(tmp_path)
+    wf = {"geometry": "custom",
+          "train": {"mode": "anchored", "min_length": {"Days": 60}},
+          "test": {"length": {"Days": 10}, "step": {"Days": 5}},
+          "optimize_metric": "sharpe", "param_grid": {"dev": [0.0]}}
+    r = bt.run_walk_forward(_strategie_sma_long(), wf, cfg, store)
+    # tests possibles de j60 a j90 par pas de 5 -> 7 plis, union 40 jours
+    assert r["n_folds"] == 7
+    assert r["folds_overlap"] is True
+    assert r["effective_folds"] == pytest.approx(4.0)
+
+
+def test_rolling_est_refuse_avec_le_remplacant_nomme(tmp_path):
+    store, cfg = _monte(tmp_path)
+    wf = {"method": "Rolling", "n_splits": 2, "train_ratio": 0.7,
+          "optimize_metric": "sharpe", "param_grid": {"dev": [0.0]}}
+    with pytest.raises(Exception) as exc:
+        bt.run_walk_forward(_strategie_sma_long(), wf, cfg, store)
+    msg = str(exc.value)
+    assert "blocked" in msg and "pardo" in msg
+
+
+def test_wfe_est_rendu(tmp_path):
+    store, cfg = _monte(tmp_path)
+    wf = {"geometry": "anchored", "n_splits": 2, "train_ratio": 0.8,
+          "optimize_metric": "sharpe", "param_grid": {"dev": [0.0]}}
+    r = bt.run_walk_forward(_strategie_sma_long(), wf, cfg, store)
+    assert "walk_forward_efficiency" in r
+    for f in r["folds"]:
+        assert "wfe" in f