diff --git a/.coderabbit.yaml b/.coderabbit.yaml
index ff17a25d..3d242d98 100644
--- a/.coderabbit.yaml
+++ b/.coderabbit.yaml
@@ -8,6 +8,16 @@ reviews:
     - "!**/*.csv"          # Exclude CSV data files
     - "!**/*.xml"          # Exclude XML files
     - "!**/*.json"         # Exclude JSON files
+    - "!**/*.dll"          # Exclude DLL files
+    - "!**/*.pdb"          # Exclude PDB files
+    - "!**/*.sln"          # Exclude Solution files
+    - "!**/*.csproj"       # Exclude Project files
+    - "!**/*.ndproj"       # Exclude NDepend project files
+    - "!**/*.user"         # Exclude User files
+    - "!**/*.suo"          # Exclude Solution User Options
+    - "!**/*.cache"        # Exclude Cache files
+    - "!**/*.yml"          # Exclude YAML files
+    - "!**/*.yaml"         # Exclude YAML files
     - "!**/bin/**"         # Exclude bin directories
     - "!**/obj/**"         # Exclude obj directories
     - "!**/BenchmarkDotNet.Artifacts/**" # Exclude benchmark artifacts
@@ -28,3 +38,17 @@ reviews:
     - "!**/*.Quantower.Tests.cs"  # Exclude Quantower adapter tests
     - "!**/*.Quantower.cs" # Exclude Quantower adapters
     - "!**/perf/**"        # Exclude performance tests
+    - "!**/quantower/**"   # Exclude root quantower directory
+    - "!**/Mocks/**"       # Exclude Mocks
+    - "!**/test_collection_expr.cs" # Exclude scratch files
+    - "!**/*.so"           # Exclude Shared Objects
+    - "!**/*.dylib"        # Exclude Dynamic Libraries
+    - "!**/*.log"          # Exclude Log files
+    - "!**/*.png"          # Exclude PNG images
+    - "!**/*.jpg"          # Exclude JPG images
+    - "!**/*.jpeg"         # Exclude JPEG images
+    - "!**/*.gif"          # Exclude GIF images
+    - "!**/*.props"        # Exclude Build properties
+    - "!**/*.targets"      # Exclude Build targets
+    - "!**/*.db"           # Exclude Database files
+    - "!**/*.sqlite"       # Exclude SQLite files
diff --git a/.github/scanner.sh b/.github/scanner.sh
index a31085a7..e89b24a7 100644
--- a/.github/scanner.sh
+++ b/.github/scanner.sh
@@ -119,8 +119,16 @@ if [ "$SKIP_BUILD" = false ]; then
     dotnet build /p:DisableGitVersionTask=true /p:Version=0.0.0-wsl /p:AssemblyVersion=0.0.0.0 /p:FileVersion=0.0.0.0
     
     log_info "Running tests with coverage..."
+    set +e
     dotnet test --no-build --collect:"XPlat Code Coverage" \
-        -- DataCollectionRunSettings.DataCollectors.DataCollector.Configuration.Format=opencover,lcov || true
+        -- DataCollectionRunSettings.DataCollectors.DataCollector.Configuration.Format=opencover,lcov
+    TEST_EXIT_CODE=$?
+    set -e
+
+    if [ $TEST_EXIT_CODE -ne 0 ]; then
+        log_error "Tests failed with exit code $TEST_EXIT_CODE. Stopping analysis."
+        exit $TEST_EXIT_CODE
+    fi
     
     # Copy coverage files to Qodana directory and convert Windows paths to Linux
     log_info "Copying coverage files for Qodana..."
@@ -175,18 +183,38 @@ if [ "$SKIP_CODACY" = false ]; then
     log_info "Uploading coverage to Codacy..."
     
     # Find the most recent coverage files (one per test project)
-    coverage_files=$(find . -name "coverage.opencover.xml" -type f -printf '%T@ %p\n' | sort -rn | head -2 | cut -d' ' -f2-)
+    mapfile -t coverage_files < <(find . -name "coverage.opencover.xml" -type f -printf '%T@ %p\n' | sort -rn | head -2 | cut -d' ' -f2-)
     
-    if [ -n "$coverage_files" ]; then
-        for file in $coverage_files; do
+    if [ ${#coverage_files[@]} -gt 0 ]; then
+        # Download and verify Codacy reporter
+        CODACY_VERSION="14.1.0"
+        CODACY_SHA256="f1db13a9b21a9d161ddfeadf0cf6a65ffb0e9eaae8c314d3d14502946ee08475"
+        CODACY_URL="https://github.com/codacy/codacy-coverage-reporter/releases/download/${CODACY_VERSION}/codacy-coverage-reporter-linux"
+        CODACY_BIN="/tmp/codacy-coverage-reporter"
+
+        log_info "Downloading Codacy coverage reporter v${CODACY_VERSION}..."
+        curl -L -o "$CODACY_BIN" "$CODACY_URL"
+        
+        # Verify hash
+        echo "$CODACY_SHA256  $CODACY_BIN" | sha256sum -c -
+        if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+            log_error "Codacy reporter checksum verification failed!"
+            rm -f "$CODACY_BIN"
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        
+        chmod +x "$CODACY_BIN"
+
+        for file in "${coverage_files[@]}"; do
             log_detail "Uploading: $file"
-            bash <(curl -Ls https://coverage.codacy.com/get.sh) report -r "$file" --partial || true
+            "$CODACY_BIN" report -r "$file" --partial || true
         done
         
         # Send final notification
         log_detail "Finalizing coverage report..."
-        bash <(curl -Ls https://coverage.codacy.com/get.sh) final || true
+        "$CODACY_BIN" final || true
         
+        rm -f "$CODACY_BIN"
         log_success "Codacy: https://app.codacy.com/gh/mihakralj/QuanTAlib/dashboard"
     else
         log_warn "No coverage.opencover.xml files found"
@@ -201,12 +229,21 @@ if [ "$SKIP_QODANA" = false ]; then
         log_info "Starting Qodana analysis..."
         
         # Install dependencies required for Qodana (IntelliJ) on minimal Debian
+        # Note: CI environments must run as root or have passwordless sudo configured
         if ! dpkg -s libfreetype6 fontconfig &> /dev/null; then
             log_info "Installing missing dependencies (libfreetype6, fontconfig)..."
+            
             if [ "$EUID" -ne 0 ]; then
-                sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y libfreetype6 fontconfig
+                # Use sudo -n to fail fast if password is required
+                if ! sudo -n apt-get update || ! sudo -n DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y libfreetype6 fontconfig; then
+                    log_error "Dependency installation failed. Ensure passwordless sudo is configured."
+                    exit 1
+                fi
             else
-                apt-get update && apt-get install -y libfreetype6 fontconfig
+                if ! apt-get update || ! DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y libfreetype6 fontconfig; then
+                    log_error "Dependency installation failed."
+                    exit 1
+                fi
             fi
         fi
 
diff --git a/.github/sonarscanner.sh b/.github/sonarscanner.sh
index f9ce1864..e75365ac 100644
--- a/.github/sonarscanner.sh
+++ b/.github/sonarscanner.sh
@@ -28,12 +28,19 @@ dotnet sonarscanner begin \
 
 echo "==> Building solution..."
 dotnet build --no-incremental
+if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+    echo "Error: Build failed"
+    exit 1
+fi
 
 echo "==> Running tests with coverage..."
 mkdir -p "$COVERAGE_DIR"
-# Run tests with both formats if possible, or sequentially
 dotnet test --no-build --collect:"XPlat Code Coverage" \
     -- DataCollectionRunSettings.DataCollectors.DataCollector.Configuration.Format=lcov,opencover
+if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+    echo "Error: Tests failed"
+    exit 1
+fi
 
 # Copy coverage to Qodana directory
 find . -name "coverage.info" -exec cp {} "$COVERAGE_DIR/" \;
diff --git a/lib/core/simd/SimdExtensions.cs b/lib/core/simd/SimdExtensions.cs
index 9cf53d30..efcde1ae 100644
--- a/lib/core/simd/SimdExtensions.cs
+++ b/lib/core/simd/SimdExtensions.cs
@@ -266,8 +266,8 @@ public static class SimdExtensions
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Calculates variance using SIMD vectorization (Welford's online algorithm adapted).
-    /// More numerically stable than naive two-pass algorithm.
+    /// Calculates variance using a two-pass SIMD variant that computes the mean first (via AverageSIMD) and then sums squared differences to produce variance.
+    /// Note that this is not the single-pass Welford algorithm.
     /// Returns NaN if any input value is non-finite or if mean is non-finite.
     /// </summary>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
diff --git a/lib/core/tseries/TSeries.Tests.cs b/lib/core/tseries/TSeries.Tests.cs
index a6379dc6..459cb078 100644
--- a/lib/core/tseries/TSeries.Tests.cs
+++ b/lib/core/tseries/TSeries.Tests.cs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 
-namespace QuanTAlib.Tests
+namespace QuanTAlib.Tests;
+
+public class TSeriesTests
 {
-    public class TSeriesTests
-    {
         [Fact]
         public void Constructor_Default_CreatesEmptySeries()
         {
@@ -284,9 +284,8 @@ namespace QuanTAlib.Tests
             series.Add(100, 1.0);
             series.Add(200, 2.0);
 
-            IEnumerable enumerable = series;
             var list = new List<object>();
-            foreach (var item in enumerable)
+            foreach (var item in (IEnumerable)series)
             {
                 list.Add(item);
             }
@@ -327,13 +326,10 @@ namespace QuanTAlib.Tests
         {
             var series = new TSeries();
 
-            Assert.Empty(series);
-
             series.Add(100, 1.0);
             Assert.Single(series);
 
             series.Add(200, 2.0);
             Assert.Equal(2, series.Count);
-        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/lib/core/tseries/tseries.cs b/lib/core/tseries/tseries.cs
index 31ad437a..72f69511 100644
--- a/lib/core/tseries/tseries.cs
+++ b/lib/core/tseries/tseries.cs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ namespace QuanTAlib;
     public void Add(long time, double value, bool isNew = true) => Add(new TValue(time, value), isNew);
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public void Add(DateTime time, double value, bool isNew = true) => Add(new TValue(time.Ticks, value), isNew);
+    public void Add(DateTime time, double value, bool isNew = true) => Add(new TValue(time, value), isNew);
 
     public void Add(IEnumerable<double> values)
     {
diff --git a/lib/feeds/csv/CsvFeed.cs b/lib/feeds/csv/CsvFeed.cs
index 3a3350b3..fcf9cfec 100644
--- a/lib/feeds/csv/CsvFeed.cs
+++ b/lib/feeds/csv/CsvFeed.cs
@@ -74,24 +74,23 @@ public class CsvFeed : IFeed
             if (parts.Length != 6)
                 throw new FormatException($"Invalid CSV format at line {originalLineNumber}. Expected 6 columns, found {parts.Length}");
 
-            try
+            // Parse timestamp (YYYY-MM-DD format, assume UTC midnight)
+            if (!DateTime.TryParseExact(parts[0].Trim(), "yyyy-MM-dd", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, DateTimeStyles.AssumeUniversal | DateTimeStyles.AdjustToUniversal, out var timestamp))
             {
-                // Parse timestamp (YYYY-MM-DD format, assume UTC midnight)
-                var timestamp = DateTime.ParseExact(parts[0].Trim(), "yyyy-MM-dd", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, DateTimeStyles.AssumeUniversal | DateTimeStyles.AdjustToUniversal);
-
-                // Parse OHLCV values
-                double open = double.Parse(parts[1].Trim(), CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                double high = double.Parse(parts[2].Trim(), CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                double low = double.Parse(parts[3].Trim(), CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                double close = double.Parse(parts[4].Trim(), CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                double volume = double.Parse(parts[5].Trim(), CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-
-                series.Add(timestamp, open, high, low, close, volume, isNew: true);
+                throw new FormatException($"Failed to parse timestamp at line {originalLineNumber}: {line}");
             }
-            catch (Exception ex) when (ex is FormatException or OverflowException)
+
+            // Parse OHLCV values
+            if (!double.TryParse(parts[1].Trim(), CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out double open) ||
+                !double.TryParse(parts[2].Trim(), CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out double high) ||
+                !double.TryParse(parts[3].Trim(), CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out double low) ||
+                !double.TryParse(parts[4].Trim(), CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out double close) ||
+                !double.TryParse(parts[5].Trim(), CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out double volume))
             {
-                throw new FormatException($"Failed to parse CSV line {originalLineNumber}: {line}", ex);
+                throw new FormatException($"Failed to parse CSV line {originalLineNumber}: {line}");
             }
+
+            series.Add(timestamp, open, high, low, close, volume, isNew: true);
         }
 
         return series;
diff --git a/lib/feeds/gbm/gbm.cs b/lib/feeds/gbm/gbm.cs
index 6b23b067..bae2b5c4 100644
--- a/lib/feeds/gbm/gbm.cs
+++ b/lib/feeds/gbm/gbm.cs
@@ -128,14 +128,15 @@ public class GBM : IFeed
             // Update current bar (intra-bar tick)
             double z = NextNormal();
             double price = _lastPrice * Math.Exp(_drift + _vol * z);
-            double volume = 1000 + _rnd.NextDouble() * 1000;
+            double additionalVolume = 1000 + _rnd.NextDouble() * 1000;
 
             var bar = _currentBar;
             double newClose = price;
             double newHigh = Math.Max(bar.High, newClose);
             double newLow = Math.Min(bar.Low, newClose);
+            double newVolume = bar.Volume + additionalVolume;
 
-            _currentBar = new TBar(bar.Time, bar.Open, newHigh, newLow, newClose, volume);
+            _currentBar = new TBar(bar.Time, bar.Open, newHigh, newLow, newClose, newVolume);
             _lastPrice = newClose;
         }
 
diff --git a/lib/index.html b/lib/index.html
index d82f671b..0e564699 100644
--- a/lib/index.html
+++ b/lib/index.html
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 <body>
   <div id="app"></div>
   <script>
-    window.$docsify = {
+    globalThis.$docsify = {
       name: 'QuanTAlib',
       repo: 'https://github.com/mihakralj/QuanTAlib',
       loadSidebar: true,
diff --git a/lib/quantalib.csproj b/lib/quantalib.csproj
index 433600f1..6a627163 100644
--- a/lib/quantalib.csproj
+++ b/lib/quantalib.csproj
@@ -36,11 +36,12 @@
     <InternalsVisibleTo Include="QuanTAlib.Tests" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
-  <ItemGroup>
-    <Compile Include="**\*.cs" Exclude="**\*.Tests.cs;**\*.Quantower.cs;obj\**\*.cs" />
-  </ItemGroup>
 
 
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Compile Include="**/*.cs" Exclude="**/*.Tests.cs;**/*.Quantower.cs;**/obj/**/*.cs;**/bin/**/*.cs" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
   <ItemGroup>
     <PackageReference Include="GitVersion.MsBuild" Version="6.5.1">
       <PrivateAssets>all</PrivateAssets>
diff --git a/lib/trends/alma/Alma.Tests.cs b/lib/trends/alma/Alma.Tests.cs
index e4252718..e2ac3e37 100644
--- a/lib/trends/alma/Alma.Tests.cs
+++ b/lib/trends/alma/Alma.Tests.cs
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ public class AlmaTests
     {
         Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => new Alma(0));
         Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => new Alma(10, sigma: 0));
+        Assert.Throws<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => new Alma(10, offset: -0.1));
+        Assert.Throws<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => new Alma(10, offset: 1.1));
 
         var alma = new Alma(10);
         Assert.NotNull(alma);
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ public class AlmaTests
         for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
         {
             var bar = gbm.Next(isNew: true);
-            series.Add(bar.Time, bar.Close);
+            series.Add(new TValue(bar.Time, bar.Close));
         }
 
         // Streaming
@@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ public class AlmaTests
         var batchResults = almaBatch.Update(series);
 
         Assert.Equal(streamingResults.Count, batchResults.Count);
-        for (int i = 0; i < streamingResults.Count; i++)
+        for (int i = 0; i < batchResults.Count; i++)
         {
             Assert.Equal(streamingResults[i].Value, batchResults[i].Value, 1e-9);
         }
diff --git a/lib/trends/alma/Alma.cs b/lib/trends/alma/Alma.cs
index 4b81866d..251d5e8b 100644
--- a/lib/trends/alma/Alma.cs
+++ b/lib/trends/alma/Alma.cs
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@ public sealed class Alma : ITValuePublisher
             throw new ArgumentException("Period must be greater than 0", nameof(period));
         if (sigma <= 0)
             throw new ArgumentException("Sigma must be greater than 0", nameof(sigma));
+        if (offset < 0 || offset > 1)
+            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(offset), "Offset must be between 0 and 1");
 
         _period = period;
         _offset = offset;
@@ -225,8 +227,8 @@ public sealed class Alma : ITValuePublisher
             }
 
             // Horizontal sum
-            vSum = Avx.Add(vSum, Avx2.Permute4x64(vSum.AsUInt64(), 0b_01_00_11_10).AsDouble());
-            vSum = Avx.Add(vSum, Avx2.Permute4x64(vSum.AsUInt64(), 0b_00_00_00_01).AsDouble());
+            vSum = Avx.Add(vSum, Avx2.Permute4x64(vSum.AsUInt64(), 0b_01_00_11_10).AsDouble()); // skipcq: CS-R1131
+            vSum = Avx.Add(vSum, Avx2.Permute4x64(vSum.AsUInt64(), 0b_00_00_00_01).AsDouble()); // skipcq: CS-R1131
             sum = vSum.GetElement(0);
         }
 
diff --git a/lib/trends/conv/Conv.Tests.cs b/lib/trends/conv/Conv.Tests.cs
index c68663c2..615ce0f2 100644
--- a/lib/trends/conv/Conv.Tests.cs
+++ b/lib/trends/conv/Conv.Tests.cs
@@ -23,19 +23,19 @@ public class ConvTests
         // 2: 1*0.5 + 2*1.0 = 2.5
         // 3: 2*0.5 + 3*1.0 = 4.0
         // 4: 3*0.5 + 4*1.0 = 5.5
-        
-        var kernel = new double[] { 0.5, 1.0 };
+
+        double[] kernel = [0.5, 1.0];
         var conv = new Conv(kernel);
-        
+
         var result1 = conv.Update(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, 1));
         Assert.Equal(1.0, result1.Value);
-        
+
         var result2 = conv.Update(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, 2));
         Assert.Equal(2.5, result2.Value);
-        
+
         var result3 = conv.Update(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, 3));
         Assert.Equal(4.0, result3.Value);
-        
+
         var result4 = conv.Update(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, 4));
         Assert.Equal(5.5, result4.Value);
     }
@@ -43,22 +43,22 @@ public class ConvTests
     [Fact]
     public void BarCorrection_UpdatesCorrectly()
     {
-        var kernel = new double[] { 0.5, 1.0 };
+        double[] kernel = [0.5, 1.0];
         var conv = new Conv(kernel);
-        
+
         // 1
         conv.Update(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, 1));
-        
+
         // 2 (isNew=true) -> 2.5
         var res1 = conv.Update(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, 2), isNew: true);
         Assert.Equal(2.5, res1.Value);
-        
+
         // Update 2 to 3 (isNew=false)
         // Buffer was [1, 2]. Now [1, 3].
         // 1*0.5 + 3*1.0 = 3.5
         var res2 = conv.Update(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, 3), isNew: false);
         Assert.Equal(3.5, res2.Value);
-        
+
         // New bar 4 (isNew=true)
         // Buffer was [1, 3]. New bar 4. Buffer becomes [3, 4].
         // 3*0.5 + 4*1.0 = 1.5 + 4 = 5.5
@@ -69,16 +69,16 @@ public class ConvTests
     [Fact]
     public void NanHandling_UsesLastValid()
     {
-        var kernel = new double[] { 1.0, 1.0 }; // Sum of last 2
+        double[] kernel = [1.0, 1.0]; // Sum of last 2
         var conv = new Conv(kernel);
-        
+
         // 1 -> 1
         conv.Update(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, 1));
-        
+
         // NaN -> treated as 1. Buffer: [1, 1]. Result: 2.
         var res = conv.Update(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, double.NaN));
         Assert.Equal(2.0, res.Value);
-        
+
         // 2 -> Buffer: [1, 2]. Result: 3.
         res = conv.Update(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, 2));
         Assert.Equal(3.0, res.Value);
@@ -87,37 +87,46 @@ public class ConvTests
     [Fact]
     public void StaticCalculate_MatchesObjectApi()
     {
-        var kernel = new double[] { 0.5, 1.0 };
+        double[] kernel = [0.5, 1.0];
         var source = new TSeries();
         source.Add(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, 1));
         source.Add(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, 2));
         source.Add(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, 3));
         source.Add(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, 4));
-        
+
         var result = Conv.Calculate(source, kernel);
-        
+
         Assert.Equal(1.0, result.Values[0]);
         Assert.Equal(2.5, result.Values[1]);
         Assert.Equal(4.0, result.Values[2]);
         Assert.Equal(5.5, result.Values[3]);
     }
-    
+
     [Fact]
     public void Reset_ClearsState()
     {
-        var kernel = new double[] { 1.0, 1.0 };
+        double[] kernel = [1.0, 1.0];
         var conv = new Conv(kernel);
-        
+
         conv.Update(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, 1));
         conv.Update(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, 2));
         Assert.True(conv.IsHot);
-        
+
         conv.Reset();
         Assert.False(conv.IsHot);
         Assert.Equal(0, conv.Last.Value);
-        
+
         // Should behave as new
         var res = conv.Update(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, 1));
         Assert.Equal(1.0, res.Value);
     }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void LeadingNaN_RemainsNaN()
+    {
+        double[] kernel = [1.0];
+        var conv = new Conv(kernel);
+        var res = conv.Update(new TValue(DateTime.UtcNow, double.NaN));
+        Assert.True(double.IsNaN(res.Value));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/lib/trends/conv/Conv.cs b/lib/trends/conv/Conv.cs
index 2ee4941b..239138b6 100644
--- a/lib/trends/conv/Conv.cs
+++ b/lib/trends/conv/Conv.cs
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ public sealed class Conv : ITValuePublisher
         Array.Copy(kernel, _kernel, _period);
         _buffer = new RingBuffer(_period);
         Name = $"Conv({_period})";
+        _lastValidValue = double.NaN;
+        _p_lastValidValue = double.NaN;
     }
 
     public Conv(ITValuePublisher source, double[] kernel) : this(kernel)
@@ -154,7 +156,7 @@ public sealed class Conv : ITValuePublisher
         }
         else
         {
-            _lastValidValue = 0;
+            _lastValidValue = double.NaN;
         }
 
         _buffer.Clear();
@@ -516,7 +518,7 @@ public sealed class Conv : ITValuePublisher
         // Use stackalloc for small kernels to avoid heap allocation
         Span<double> window = period <= 256 ? stackalloc double[period] : new double[period];
 
-        double lastValid = 0;
+        double lastValid = double.NaN;
         int windowIdx = 0; // Points to where the NEXT value goes (circular)
         int count = 0;
 
@@ -563,8 +565,8 @@ public sealed class Conv : ITValuePublisher
     public void Reset()
     {
         _buffer.Clear();
-        _lastValidValue = 0;
-        _p_lastValidValue = 0;
+        _lastValidValue = double.NaN;
+        _p_lastValidValue = double.NaN;
         _head = 0;
         Last = default;
     }
diff --git a/lib/trends/dema/Dema.cs b/lib/trends/dema/Dema.cs
index 33a76427..5138e7c2 100644
--- a/lib/trends/dema/Dema.cs
+++ b/lib/trends/dema/Dema.cs
@@ -164,6 +164,7 @@ public sealed class Dema : ITValuePublisher
         _p_state1 = s1;
         _p_state2 = s2;
         _lastValidValue = lastValid;
+        _p_lastValidValue = lastValid;
 
         Last = new TValue(tSpan[len - 1], vSpan[len - 1]);
         return new TSeries(t, v);
diff --git a/lib/trends/ema/Ema.cs b/lib/trends/ema/Ema.cs
index d8d06a45..d4641fc8 100644
--- a/lib/trends/ema/Ema.cs
+++ b/lib/trends/ema/Ema.cs
@@ -176,6 +176,7 @@ public sealed class Ema : ITValuePublisher
         sourceTimes.CopyTo(tSpan);
         
         _p_state = _state;
+        _p_lastValidValue = _lastValidValue;
         Last = new TValue(tSpan[len - 1], vSpan[len - 1]);
         
         return new TSeries(t, v);
diff --git a/lib/trends/hma/Hma.cs b/lib/trends/hma/Hma.cs
index c7e1553f..ebb4bcc4 100644
--- a/lib/trends/hma/Hma.cs
+++ b/lib/trends/hma/Hma.cs
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ public sealed class Hma : ITValuePublisher
 
         int lookback = _period + (int)Math.Sqrt(_period) + 10; // Sufficient lookback
         int startIndex = Math.Max(0, len - lookback);
+        _sampleCount = startIndex;
 
         for (int i = startIndex; i < len; i++)
         {
diff --git a/lib/trends/kama/Kama.cs b/lib/trends/kama/Kama.cs
index 4ec59f4a..a7b4fc49 100644
--- a/lib/trends/kama/Kama.cs
+++ b/lib/trends/kama/Kama.cs
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ public sealed class Kama : ITValuePublisher
 
         Name = $"Kama({period}, {fastPeriod}, {slowPeriod})";
         _kama = double.NaN;
+        _lastValidValue = double.NaN;
     }
 
     public Kama(ITValuePublisher source, int period = 10, int fastPeriod = 2, int slowPeriod = 30)
@@ -98,6 +99,12 @@ public sealed class Kama : ITValuePublisher
     public TValue Update(TValue input, bool isNew = true)
     {
         double val = GetValidValue(input.Value);
+        if (double.IsNaN(val))
+        {
+            Last = new TValue(input.Time, double.NaN);
+            Pub?.Invoke(Last);
+            return Last;
+        }
 
         if (isNew)
         {
@@ -190,11 +197,11 @@ public sealed class Kama : ITValuePublisher
             v.Add(outputSpan[i]);
         }
 
-        // Restore state by replaying last few bars
-        // This is expensive but necessary to sync the object state
+        // Restore state by replaying the entire series
+        // This is expensive but necessary to sync the object state correctly
+        // because KAMA is recursive (IIR) and depends on the full history.
         Reset();
-        int startIndex = Math.Max(0, len - _period - 1);
-        for (int i = startIndex; i < len; i++)
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
         {
             Update(source[i]);
         }
@@ -220,7 +227,7 @@ public sealed class Kama : ITValuePublisher
         double volatilitySum = 0;
         double kama = 0;
         bool kamaInitialized = false;
-        double lastValid = 0;
+        double lastValid = double.NaN;
 
         for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
         {
@@ -230,6 +237,12 @@ public sealed class Kama : ITValuePublisher
             else
                 val = lastValid;
 
+            if (double.IsNaN(val))
+            {
+                output[i] = double.NaN;
+                continue;
+            }
+
             // Add to buffer
             double removed = buffer[bufferIdx];
             buffer[bufferIdx] = val;
@@ -298,7 +311,7 @@ public sealed class Kama : ITValuePublisher
         _volatilitySum = 0;
         _p_volatilitySum = 0;
         _lastDiffOut = 0;
-        _lastValidValue = 0;
+        _lastValidValue = double.NaN;
         Last = default;
     }
 }
diff --git a/lib/trends/lsma/Lsma.cs b/lib/trends/lsma/Lsma.cs
index 6b034529..0470888e 100644
--- a/lib/trends/lsma/Lsma.cs
+++ b/lib/trends/lsma/Lsma.cs
@@ -271,15 +271,17 @@ public sealed class Lsma : ITValuePublisher
             _lastValidValue = 0;
         }
 
+        double lastProcessedValue = _lastValidValue;
         for (int i = startIndex; i < len; i++)
         {
             double val = GetValidValue(source.Values[i]);
             UpdateState(val);
+            lastProcessedValue = val;
         }
 
         _p_sum_y = _sum_y;
         _p_sum_xy = _sum_xy;
-        _p_last_val = source.Values[len - 1];
+        _p_last_val = lastProcessedValue;
         _p_lastValidValue = _lastValidValue;
 
         Last = new TValue(tSpan[len - 1], vSpan[len - 1]);
diff --git a/lib/trends/mama/Mama.Repro.Tests.cs b/lib/trends/mama/Mama.Repro.Tests.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d4a34eb..00000000
--- a/lib/trends/mama/Mama.Repro.Tests.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-namespace QuanTAlib.Tests;
-
-public class MamaReproTests
-{
-    [Fact]
-    public void Constructor_ThrowsArgumentException_WhenSlowLimitIsZero()
-    {
-        Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => new Mama(0.5, 0.0));
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void Constructor_ThrowsArgumentException_WhenSlowLimitIsNegative()
-    {
-        Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => new Mama(0.5, -0.1));
-    }
-}
diff --git a/lib/trends/mama/Mama.Tests.cs b/lib/trends/mama/Mama.Tests.cs
index aea2f2c3..dd70b9ec 100644
--- a/lib/trends/mama/Mama.Tests.cs
+++ b/lib/trends/mama/Mama.Tests.cs
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ public class MamaTests
 
         var result = mama.Update(input);
 
-        Assert.True(double.IsNaN(result.Value));
+        // Should return 0.0 (last valid price default) instead of NaN to avoid state corruption
+        Assert.Equal(0.0, result.Value);
     }
 
     [Fact]
@@ -62,4 +63,40 @@ public class MamaTests
 
         Assert.True(eventFired);
     }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Update_Series_AppendsData()
+    {
+        var mama1 = new Mama();
+        var mama2 = new Mama();
+
+        var data = new TSeries();
+        var now = DateTime.UtcNow;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++)
+        {
+            data.Add(new TValue(now.AddMinutes(i), 100.0 + Math.Sin(i * 0.1) * 10));
+        }
+
+        // Case 1: Update all at once
+        var result1 = mama1.Update(data);
+
+        // Case 2: Update in chunks
+        var chunk1 = new TSeries();
+        var chunk2 = new TSeries();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 25; i++) chunk1.Add(data[i]);
+        for (int i = 25; i < 50; i++) chunk2.Add(data[i]);
+
+        mama2.Update(chunk1);
+        var result2 = mama2.Update(chunk2);
+
+        // Verify final state is same
+        Assert.Equal(mama1.Last.Value, mama2.Last.Value, 6);
+        Assert.Equal(mama1.Fama.Value, mama2.Fama.Value, 6);
+
+        // Verify the returned series from the second chunk matches the second half of the full result
+        for (int i = 0; i < 25; i++)
+        {
+            Assert.Equal(result1[25 + i].Value, result2[i].Value, 6);
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/lib/trends/mama/Mama.cs b/lib/trends/mama/Mama.cs
index bda86c53..dade15a7 100644
--- a/lib/trends/mama/Mama.cs
+++ b/lib/trends/mama/Mama.cs
@@ -204,8 +204,8 @@ public sealed class Mama : ITValuePublisher
         else
         {
             // Initialization phase
-            _sumPr += input.Value;
-            double avg = _index > 0 ? _sumPr / _index : input.Value;
+            _sumPr += price;
+            double avg = _index > 0 ? _sumPr / _index : price;
             _mama = avg;
             _fama = avg;
             
@@ -230,47 +230,14 @@ public sealed class Mama : ITValuePublisher
         var v = new List<double>(len);
         var t = new List<long>(len);
 
-        var temp = new Mama(_fastLimit, _slowLimit);
         for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
         {
             var item = source[i];
-            var result = temp.Update(item);
+            var result = Update(item);
             v.Add(result.Value);
             t.Add(item.Time);
         }
 
-        // Copy state from temp to this
-        _period = temp._period;
-        _p_period = temp._p_period;
-        _phase = temp._phase;
-        _p_phase = temp._p_phase;
-        _mama = temp._mama;
-        _p_mama = temp._p_mama;
-        _fama = temp._fama;
-        _p_fama = temp._p_fama;
-        _sumPr = temp._sumPr;
-        _p_sumPr = temp._p_sumPr;
-        _index = temp._index;
-
-        _i2 = temp._i2;
-        _p_i2 = temp._p_i2;
-        _q2 = temp._q2;
-        _p_q2 = temp._p_q2;
-        _re = temp._re;
-        _p_re = temp._p_re;
-        _im = temp._im;
-        _p_im = temp._p_im;
-        _lastValidPrice = temp._lastValidPrice;
-
-        _priceBuffer.CopyFrom(temp._priceBuffer);
-        _smoothBuffer.CopyFrom(temp._smoothBuffer);
-        _detrender.CopyFrom(temp._detrender);
-        _I1_buffer.CopyFrom(temp._I1_buffer);
-        _Q1_buffer.CopyFrom(temp._Q1_buffer);
-
-        Last = temp.Last;
-        Fama = temp.Fama;
-
         return new TSeries(t, v);
     }
 
diff --git a/lib/trends/sma/Sma.cs b/lib/trends/sma/Sma.cs
index 34cc4f9e..e6b7fa1c 100644
--- a/lib/trends/sma/Sma.cs
+++ b/lib/trends/sma/Sma.cs
@@ -157,6 +157,7 @@ public sealed class Sma : ITValuePublisher
 
         if (startIndex > 0)
         {
+            _lastValidValue = 0;
             for (int i = startIndex - 1; i >= 0; i--)
             {
                 if (double.IsFinite(source.Values[i]))
@@ -182,7 +183,7 @@ public sealed class Sma : ITValuePublisher
         }
 
         _p_sum = _sum;
-        _p_lastInput = source.Values[len - 1];
+        _p_lastInput = GetValidValue(source.Values[len - 1]);
         _p_lastValidValue = _lastValidValue;
 
         Last = new TValue(tSpan[len - 1], vSpan[len - 1]);
@@ -329,11 +330,11 @@ public sealed class Sma : ITValuePublisher
 
             var vDelta = Avx.Subtract(vNew, vOld);
 
-            var vShift1 = Avx2.Permute4x64(vDelta.AsUInt64(), 0b_10_01_00_00).AsDouble();
+            var vShift1 = Avx2.Permute4x64(vDelta.AsUInt64(), 0b_10_01_00_00).AsDouble(); // skipcq: CS-R1131
             vShift1 = Avx.Blend(vZero, vShift1, 0b_1110);
             var vP1 = Avx.Add(vDelta, vShift1);
 
-            var vShift2 = Avx2.Permute4x64(vP1.AsUInt64(), 0b_01_00_00_00).AsDouble();
+            var vShift2 = Avx2.Permute4x64(vP1.AsUInt64(), 0b_01_00_00_00).AsDouble(); // skipcq: CS-R1131
             vShift2 = Avx.Blend(vZero, vShift2, 0b_1100);
             var vP2 = Avx.Add(vP1, vShift2);
 
diff --git a/lib/trends/t3/T3.Tests.cs b/lib/trends/t3/T3.Tests.cs
index 0c480c37..eebd7580 100644
--- a/lib/trends/t3/T3.Tests.cs
+++ b/lib/trends/t3/T3.Tests.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using Xunit;
+using System;
 
 namespace QuanTAlib.Tests;
 
@@ -101,4 +103,29 @@ public class T3Tests
         // Check last values match
         Assert.Equal(resSeries.Last.Value, resSpan[count-1], 1e-9);
     }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void T3_BarCorrection_WithNaN_RestoresPreviousValidValue()
+    {
+        var t3 = new T3(10);
+        var time = DateTime.UtcNow;
+
+        // Step 1: Update with valid value
+        t3.Update(new TValue(time, 100), isNew: true);
+        
+        // Step 2: Update with another valid value
+        t3.Update(new TValue(time.AddMinutes(1), 200), isNew: true);
+        double valAfter200 = t3.Last.Value;
+
+        // Step 3: Correct with NaN (should use 100)
+        t3.Update(new TValue(time.AddMinutes(1), double.NaN), isNew: false);
+        double valAfterNaN = t3.Last.Value;
+
+        // Step 4: Correct with 100 (should match NaN result)
+        t3.Update(new TValue(time.AddMinutes(1), 100), isNew: false);
+        double valAfter100 = t3.Last.Value;
+
+        Assert.NotEqual(valAfter200, valAfterNaN); // Should not be the same as 200
+        Assert.Equal(valAfter100, valAfterNaN, 1e-9); // Should be the same as using 100
+    }
 }
diff --git a/lib/trends/t3/T3.cs b/lib/trends/t3/T3.cs
index 10d05d6d..8b6f4510 100644
--- a/lib/trends/t3/T3.cs
+++ b/lib/trends/t3/T3.cs
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ public sealed class T3 : ITValuePublisher
     private State _state = State.New();
     private State _p_state = State.New();
     private double _lastValidValue;
+    private double _p_lastValidValue;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Display name for the indicator.
@@ -157,10 +158,12 @@ public sealed class T3 : ITValuePublisher
         if (isNew)
         {
             _p_state = _state;
+            _p_lastValidValue = _lastValidValue;
         }
         else
         {
             _state = _p_state;
+            _lastValidValue = _p_lastValidValue;
         }
 
         double val = GetValidValue(input.Value);
@@ -196,6 +199,7 @@ public sealed class T3 : ITValuePublisher
         sourceTimes.CopyTo(tSpan);
 
         _p_state = _state;
+        _p_lastValidValue = _lastValidValue;
         Last = new TValue(tSpan[len - 1], vSpan[len - 1]);
 
         return new TSeries(t, v);
@@ -283,6 +287,7 @@ public sealed class T3 : ITValuePublisher
         _state = State.New();
         _p_state = _state;
         _lastValidValue = 0;
+        _p_lastValidValue = 0;
         Last = default;
     }
 }
diff --git a/lib/trends/tema/Tema.cs b/lib/trends/tema/Tema.cs
index 51dd6aee..fa6e0014 100644
--- a/lib/trends/tema/Tema.cs
+++ b/lib/trends/tema/Tema.cs
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ public sealed class Tema : ITValuePublisher
     private EmaState _p_state3 = EmaState.New();
     
     private double _lastValidValue;
+    private double _p_lastValidValue;
 
     public string Name { get; }
     public TValue Last { get; private set; }
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ public sealed class Tema : ITValuePublisher
 
     public Tema(double alpha)
     {
-        if (alpha <= 0 || alpha > 1) throw new ArgumentException("Alpha must be between 0 and 1", nameof(alpha));
+        if (alpha <= 0 || alpha >= 1) throw new ArgumentException("Alpha must be strictly between 0 and 1", nameof(alpha));
 
         _alpha = alpha;
         _decay = 1.0 - alpha;
@@ -98,12 +99,14 @@ public sealed class Tema : ITValuePublisher
             _p_state1 = _state1;
             _p_state2 = _state2;
             _p_state3 = _state3;
+            _p_lastValidValue = _lastValidValue;
         }
         else
         {
             _state1 = _p_state1;
             _state2 = _p_state2;
             _state3 = _p_state3;
+            _lastValidValue = _p_lastValidValue;
         }
 
         // EMA1
@@ -174,6 +177,7 @@ public sealed class Tema : ITValuePublisher
         _p_state2 = s2;
         _p_state3 = s3;
         _lastValidValue = lastValid;
+        _p_lastValidValue = lastValid;
 
         Last = new TValue(tSpan[len - 1], vSpan[len - 1]);
         return new TSeries(t, v);
@@ -343,6 +347,7 @@ public sealed class Tema : ITValuePublisher
         _p_state2 = EmaState.New();
         _p_state3 = EmaState.New();
         _lastValidValue = 0;
+        _p_lastValidValue = 0;
         Last = default;
     }
 }
diff --git a/lib/trends/wma/Wma.cs b/lib/trends/wma/Wma.cs
index 76b75322..028edb03 100644
--- a/lib/trends/wma/Wma.cs
+++ b/lib/trends/wma/Wma.cs
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ public sealed class Wma : ITValuePublisher
 
         _p_sum = _sum;
         _p_wsum = _wsum;
-        _p_lastInput = _lastValidValue;
+        _p_lastInput = GetValidValue(source.Values[len - 1]);
         _p_lastValidValue = _lastValidValue;
 
         Last = new TValue(tSpan[len - 1], vSpan[len - 1]);