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Miha Kralj
2026-02-27 07:48:12 -08:00
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# TWAP: Time Weighted Average Price
| Property | Value |
| ---------------- | -------------------------------- |
| **Category** | Volume |
| **Inputs** | OHLCV bar (TBar) |
| **Parameters** | `period` (default DefaultPeriod) |
| **Outputs** | Single series (TWAP) |
| **Output range** | Unbounded |
| **Warmup** | `> 1` bars |
### TL;DR
- Time Weighted Average Price (TWAP) calculates the average price over a period by giving equal weight to each price point, regardless of volume.
- Parameterized by `period` (default defaultperiod).
- Output range: Unbounded.
- Requires `> 1` bars of warmup before first valid output (IsHot = true).
- Validated against TA-Lib, Skender, and Tulip reference implementations where available.
> "Equal time, equal weight—the simplest benchmark refuses to let any single moment dominate the conversation." — Anonymous Quant
Time Weighted Average Price (TWAP) calculates the average price over a period by giving equal weight to each price point, regardless of volume. Unlike VWAP which emphasizes high-volume periods, TWAP treats every moment as equally important. This makes it a pure temporal benchmark—ideal for evaluating execution quality when volume patterns could bias the analysis.
@@ -255,4 +272,4 @@ Target: Minimize absolute slippage to achieve the unbiased average price.
- Almgren, R., & Chriss, N. (2001). "Optimal Execution of Portfolio Transactions." *Journal of Risk*.
- Berkowitz, S., Logue, D., & Noser, E. (1988). "The Total Cost of Transactions on the NYSE." *Journal of Finance*.
- Kissell, R., & Glantz, M. (2003). *Optimal Trading Strategies*. AMACOM.
- TradingView. "PineScript TWAP Implementation." Community Scripts.
- TradingView. "PineScript TWAP Implementation." Community Scripts.