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# BBANDS: Bollinger Bands
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| Property | Value |
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| ---------------- | -------------------------------- |
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| **Category** | Channel |
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| **Inputs** | Source (close) |
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| **Parameters** | `period` (default DefaultPeriod), `multiplier` (default DefaultMultiplier) |
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| **Outputs** | Multiple series (Middle, Upper, Lower, Width, PercentB) |
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| **Output range** | Tracks input |
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| **Warmup** | `period` bars |
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### TL;DR
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- Bollinger Bands construct a volatility-adaptive envelope around a Simple Moving Average using population standard deviation as the width measure.
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- Parameterized by `period` (default defaultperiod), `multiplier` (default defaultmultiplier).
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- Output range: Tracks input.
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- Requires `period` bars of warmup before first valid output (IsHot = true).
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- Validated against TA-Lib, Skender, and Tulip reference implementations where available.
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Bollinger Bands construct a volatility-adaptive envelope around a Simple Moving Average using population standard deviation as the width measure. The bands expand during high-volatility periods and contract during consolidation, dynamically adapting to changing market conditions. Under Gaussian assumptions, $\pm 2\sigma$ contains approximately 95.4% of price action, but financial returns exhibit fat tails and volatility clustering, so the bands function more as a volatility-normalized reference frame than a strict probability envelope. The derived metrics %B (price position as a fraction of band width) and BandWidth (normalized band spread) extend the raw bands into a complete analytical toolkit.
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## Historical Context
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