diff --git a/rdagent/app/cli.py b/rdagent/app/cli.py
index b1c3b144..81689ac5 100644
--- a/rdagent/app/cli.py
+++ b/rdagent/app/cli.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ from rdagent.log.mle_summary import grade_summary as grade_summary
 app = typer.Typer()
 
 
-def ui(port=19899, log_dir="", debug=False, data_science=False):
+def ui(port=19899, log_dir="", debug: bool = False, data_science: bool = False):
     """
     start web app to show the log traces.
     """
diff --git a/rdagent/app/qlib_rd_loop/factor_from_report.py b/rdagent/app/qlib_rd_loop/factor_from_report.py
index f2b35bd1..984c7519 100644
--- a/rdagent/app/qlib_rd_loop/factor_from_report.py
+++ b/rdagent/app/qlib_rd_loop/factor_from_report.py
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class FactorReportLoop(FactorRDLoop, metaclass=LoopMeta):
         return exp
 
 
-def main(report_folder=None, path=None, all_duration=None, checkout=True):
+def main(report_folder=None, path=None, all_duration: str | None = None, checkout: bool = True):
     """
     Auto R&D Evolving loop for fintech factors (the factors are extracted from finance reports).
 
diff --git a/rdagent/app/qlib_rd_loop/model.py b/rdagent/app/qlib_rd_loop/model.py
index d66a5a1e..c2e4ed39 100644
--- a/rdagent/app/qlib_rd_loop/model.py
+++ b/rdagent/app/qlib_rd_loop/model.py
@@ -15,7 +15,13 @@ class ModelRDLoop(RDLoop):
     skip_loop_error = (ModelEmptyError,)
 
 
-def main(path=None, step_n=None, loop_n=None, all_duration=None, checkout=True):
+def main(
+    path=None,
+    step_n: int | None = None,
+    loop_n: int | None = None,
+    all_duration: str | None = None,
+    checkout: bool = True,
+):
     """
     Auto R&D Evolving loop for fintech models
 
diff --git a/rdagent/app/qlib_rd_loop/quant.py b/rdagent/app/qlib_rd_loop/quant.py
index fddf470d..74b5ac1e 100644
--- a/rdagent/app/qlib_rd_loop/quant.py
+++ b/rdagent/app/qlib_rd_loop/quant.py
@@ -118,7 +118,13 @@ class QuantRDLoop(RDLoop):
             self.trace.hist.append((prev_out["running"], feedback))
 
 
-def main(path=None, step_n=None, loop_n=None, all_duration=None, checkout=True):
+def main(
+    path=None,
+    step_n: int | None = None,
+    loop_n: int | None = None,
+    all_duration: str | None = None,
+    checkout: bool = True,
+):
     """
     Auto R&D Evolving loop for fintech factors.
     You can continue running session by